1 00:00:07,039 --> 00:00:05,150 good afternoon everyone and welcome to 2 00:00:09,620 --> 00:00:07,049 today's International Space Station 3 00:00:10,400 --> 00:00:09,630 research and technology news briefing we 4 00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:10,410 thought this would be a great 5 00:00:14,390 --> 00:00:12,210 opportunity as we prepare for the launch 6 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:14,400 of space shuttle Atlantis to fill you in 7 00:00:19,099 --> 00:00:17,490 on how things are going up in space 220 8 00:00:21,109 --> 00:00:19,109 miles above where the international 9 00:00:23,480 --> 00:00:21,119 space station has been cruising for the 10 00:00:26,390 --> 00:00:23,490 last 10 years doing meaningful science 11 00:00:28,070 --> 00:00:26,400 we have a panel of experts today to give 12 00:00:30,919 --> 00:00:28,080 us an update and I'd like to introduce 13 00:00:32,720 --> 00:00:30,929 them now and after that we'll have 14 00:00:35,840 --> 00:00:32,730 opening comments from them and then take 15 00:00:38,500 --> 00:00:35,850 questions from the reporters adjacent to 16 00:00:40,819 --> 00:00:38,510 me right here is dr. Julie Robinson 17 00:00:45,260 --> 00:00:40,829 International Space Station program 18 00:00:48,229 --> 00:00:45,270 scientist to her left is dr. Cheryl 19 00:00:51,650 --> 00:00:48,239 Nickerson professor with the Biodesign 20 00:00:55,819 --> 00:00:51,660 Institute at Arizona State University to 21 00:00:58,689 --> 00:00:55,829 her left dr. Eduardo Almeida research 22 00:01:02,709 --> 00:00:58,699 scientists at the Ames Research Center 23 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:02,719 and to his left dr. Amara Pereira 24 00:01:07,250 --> 00:01:05,250 research associate professor the 25 00:01:10,850 --> 00:01:07,260 department of plant biology at North 26 00:01:12,800 --> 00:01:10,860 Carolina State University so welcome and 27 00:01:16,460 --> 00:01:12,810 I will begin with some comments from dr. 28 00:01:18,020 --> 00:01:16,470 Julie Robinson Julie thanks Michael so 29 00:01:19,999 --> 00:01:18,030 we're really excited to be here with you 30 00:01:21,620 --> 00:01:20,009 today and talk to you about just a few 31 00:01:23,300 --> 00:01:21,630 of the experiments that are going to be 32 00:01:25,520 --> 00:01:23,310 enabled by this last space shuttle 33 00:01:27,770 --> 00:01:25,530 flight of course the space shuttle was 34 00:01:29,630 --> 00:01:27,780 important for us at NASA because we 35 00:01:31,850 --> 00:01:29,640 needed it it's really large carrying 36 00:01:34,160 --> 00:01:31,860 capacity to assemble the vehicle of the 37 00:01:35,990 --> 00:01:34,170 space station to assemble a laboratory 38 00:01:38,450 --> 00:01:36,000 that is essentially the size of a four 39 00:01:40,310 --> 00:01:38,460 bedroom house and we've brought today to 40 00:01:42,109 --> 00:01:40,320 you some of the scientists who are using 41 00:01:43,700 --> 00:01:42,119 this laboratory in their research and 42 00:01:46,429 --> 00:01:43,710 whose research will be flying on the 43 00:01:48,530 --> 00:01:46,439 space shuttle in any six-month period we 44 00:01:50,090 --> 00:01:48,540 have about 200 investigations that are 45 00:01:52,460 --> 00:01:50,100 active on the space station now that 46 00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:52,470 it's Assembly has been completed in 2011 47 00:01:56,410 --> 00:01:54,450 and about half of those are US 48 00:01:59,870 --> 00:01:56,420 scientists there are dozens of 49 00:02:01,310 --> 00:01:59,880 experiments that go up and return on any 50 00:02:04,219 --> 00:02:01,320 given flight whether that's a space 51 00:02:06,289 --> 00:02:04,229 shuttle flight or an ATV automated 52 00:02:09,589 --> 00:02:06,299 Transfer Vehicle european flight or an 53 00:02:11,690 --> 00:02:09,599 HTV japanese Transfer Vehicle flight and 54 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:11,700 so that keeps our space station 55 00:02:14,020 --> 00:02:13,290 resupplied keeps our scientists work 56 00:02:17,110 --> 00:02:14,030 active 57 00:02:19,190 --> 00:02:17,120 today we'll be sharing some samplings of 58 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:19,200 biotechnology investigations that are 59 00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:22,170 going on some of these are through ISS 60 00:02:25,550 --> 00:02:23,850 as a national laboratory where any 61 00:02:27,260 --> 00:02:25,560 scientist in the country can use the 62 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:27,270 space station as a laboratory for their 63 00:02:31,400 --> 00:02:29,610 research others are sponsored by NASA 64 00:02:33,530 --> 00:02:31,410 because NASA has an interest in the 65 00:02:36,140 --> 00:02:33,540 exploration potential of the research 66 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:36,150 and after you see the science briefing 67 00:02:40,280 --> 00:02:38,610 you'll have the opportunity both here at 68 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:40,290 the Kennedy Space Center press center as 69 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:42,330 well as on NASA TV to see some 70 00:02:45,800 --> 00:02:44,250 demonstrations of technology development 71 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:45,810 that will also be doing based on 72 00:02:49,160 --> 00:02:47,130 Hardware flying on this flight 73 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:49,170 especially the robotic refueling mission 74 00:02:54,110 --> 00:02:51,450 which is a collaboration of NASA and the 75 00:02:56,750 --> 00:02:54,120 Canadian Space Agency to test refueling 76 00:02:59,270 --> 00:02:56,760 technologies in orbit so with that as a 77 00:03:00,920 --> 00:02:59,280 sampling of the dozens and dozens of 78 00:03:02,720 --> 00:03:00,930 investigations enabled by the shuttle 79 00:03:04,460 --> 00:03:02,730 flight I'd like to hand over to dr. 80 00:03:06,979 --> 00:03:04,470 Nickerson to tell you about her new 81 00:03:09,290 --> 00:03:06,989 partnership with NASA so good afternoon 82 00:03:12,110 --> 00:03:09,300 it's an honor to have the opportunity to 83 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:12,120 talk to you today about our sts-135 84 00:03:16,430 --> 00:03:13,770 flight experiment that's operationally 85 00:03:18,110 --> 00:03:16,440 called r a civ and the potential for 86 00:03:19,759 --> 00:03:18,120 this work to lead to better vaccine 87 00:03:21,500 --> 00:03:19,769 development to prevent infectious 88 00:03:23,780 --> 00:03:21,510 diseases back here for the general 89 00:03:25,729 --> 00:03:23,790 public on earth her assets stands for 90 00:03:27,979 --> 00:03:25,739 recombinant attenuated Salmonella 91 00:03:29,900 --> 00:03:27,989 vaccine and I know that sounds like a 92 00:03:32,570 --> 00:03:29,910 bit of a complicated title but it's 93 00:03:34,430 --> 00:03:32,580 really just the next phase in our 94 00:03:35,960 --> 00:03:34,440 infectious disease research that is 95 00:03:37,220 --> 00:03:35,970 fundamentally advancing and moving 96 00:03:39,199 --> 00:03:37,230 forward are the results from our 97 00:03:41,330 --> 00:03:39,209 previous space flight experiments our 98 00:03:43,220 --> 00:03:41,340 collaborative recive teams come from 99 00:03:45,050 --> 00:03:43,230 three different laboratories two of 100 00:03:46,750 --> 00:03:45,060 those laboratories are at the Biodesign 101 00:03:49,100 --> 00:03:46,760 Institute at Arizona State University 102 00:03:50,870 --> 00:03:49,110 those being my laboratory and the 103 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:50,880 laboratory of dr. Roy Curtis the third 104 00:03:55,180 --> 00:03:53,010 and then at the NASA Johnson Space 105 00:03:57,890 --> 00:03:55,190 Center the laboratory of dr. marcotte 106 00:04:00,530 --> 00:03:57,900 collectively are a civ team has years of 107 00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:00,540 experience and expertise in studying the 108 00:04:04,490 --> 00:04:02,250 responses and infectious disease 109 00:04:07,130 --> 00:04:04,500 potential of microbial pathogens to 110 00:04:09,740 --> 00:04:07,140 space light and also in the clinical 111 00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:09,750 design and in the engineering and 112 00:04:15,020 --> 00:04:12,720 clinical design and testing recive 113 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:15,030 vaccine strains is immunizing vectors to 114 00:04:19,580 --> 00:04:17,370 protect against infectious disease here 115 00:04:22,370 --> 00:04:19,590 for the general public on earth having 116 00:04:24,469 --> 00:04:22,380 said that it's important to mention that 117 00:04:27,020 --> 00:04:24,479 in our space flight experiment we're not 118 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:27,030 trying to blindly develop a new vaccine 119 00:04:30,110 --> 00:04:27,690 strain 120 00:04:32,510 --> 00:04:30,120 rather we are focused on improving a 121 00:04:34,160 --> 00:04:32,520 vaccine strain that currently exists 122 00:04:36,680 --> 00:04:34,170 here on earth it's in human clinical 123 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:36,690 trials and while this rasa vaccine 124 00:04:41,180 --> 00:04:39,210 strain is showing exciting promise it 125 00:04:43,070 --> 00:04:41,190 needs to be improved in terms of 126 00:04:45,710 --> 00:04:43,080 enhancing its protective immunogenicity 127 00:04:48,740 --> 00:04:45,720 to confer better protection against 128 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:48,750 infectious disease so I often get asked 129 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:51,090 the story or the question why do 130 00:04:53,990 --> 00:04:52,530 infectious disease research and 131 00:04:55,370 --> 00:04:54,000 spaceflight what is the value of that 132 00:04:57,500 --> 00:04:55,380 well there's tremendous potential in 133 00:05:00,040 --> 00:04:57,510 using the spaceflight platform for this 134 00:05:03,350 --> 00:05:00,050 because first of all we know every time 135 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:03,360 that we force biological systems to 136 00:05:08,090 --> 00:05:06,090 survive and respond and adapt to extreme 137 00:05:10,040 --> 00:05:08,100 environments we have learned tremendous 138 00:05:12,650 --> 00:05:10,050 new insight in terms of about how they 139 00:05:14,630 --> 00:05:12,660 function about how they live about how 140 00:05:17,540 --> 00:05:14,640 they exist and we've been able to take 141 00:05:20,270 --> 00:05:17,550 that new insight and translate it to new 142 00:05:22,310 --> 00:05:20,280 therapies new products new strategies 143 00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:22,320 that we use on a daily basis here on 144 00:05:25,790 --> 00:05:24,450 earth to improve our quality of life so 145 00:05:27,380 --> 00:05:25,800 it shouldn't be surprising then that 146 00:05:29,480 --> 00:05:27,390 space flight is just the next logical 147 00:05:31,400 --> 00:05:29,490 extreme environment to use that's been 148 00:05:33,500 --> 00:05:31,410 relatively untapped but which holds 149 00:05:35,270 --> 00:05:33,510 tremendous potential to provide novel 150 00:05:37,730 --> 00:05:35,280 insight into cellular response 151 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:37,740 mechanisms especially for the infectious 152 00:05:42,110 --> 00:05:39,930 disease world and it's also important to 153 00:05:44,140 --> 00:05:42,120 note that spaceflight produces a fluidic 154 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:44,150 environment that's very similar to 155 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:46,770 environments in our body that microbial 156 00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:48,570 pathogens encounter when they infect us 157 00:05:53,810 --> 00:05:52,050 so the take-home message is and I think 158 00:05:55,460 --> 00:05:53,820 we should be on the second slide by now 159 00:05:58,430 --> 00:05:55,470 my apologies for not having that slide 160 00:06:01,850 --> 00:05:58,440 advanced the take-home message is cells 161 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:01,860 grown in microgravity exhibit novel bio 162 00:06:06,830 --> 00:06:04,410 medically relevant responses that they 163 00:06:08,750 --> 00:06:06,840 do not or we cannot observe when we grow 164 00:06:10,670 --> 00:06:08,760 those cells here on earth that's because 165 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:10,680 Matt gravity masks a lot of those 166 00:06:15,290 --> 00:06:13,410 effects so it is for these very exact 167 00:06:17,420 --> 00:06:15,300 reasons to find these novel insights 168 00:06:19,580 --> 00:06:17,430 into human health and disease and 169 00:06:21,530 --> 00:06:19,590 cellular response mechanisms that we 170 00:06:23,390 --> 00:06:21,540 have paired and joined with NASA in a 171 00:06:25,550 --> 00:06:23,400 space act agreement to use the 172 00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:25,560 International Space Station for research 173 00:06:30,140 --> 00:06:27,450 to translationally advanced human health 174 00:06:33,470 --> 00:06:30,150 so on the third slide if you take a look 175 00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:33,480 at that you will see a little overview 176 00:06:38,270 --> 00:06:35,490 of our previous and now our current 177 00:06:40,490 --> 00:06:38,280 spaceflight work and our previous 178 00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:40,500 spaceflight work has provided novel 179 00:06:43,580 --> 00:06:41,310 insight into 180 00:06:46,610 --> 00:06:43,590 how the major human pathogen salmonella 181 00:06:48,800 --> 00:06:46,620 causes disease in the body and we 182 00:06:51,050 --> 00:06:48,810 discovered that space light increases 183 00:06:53,690 --> 00:06:51,060 the disease-causing potential or what we 184 00:06:55,700 --> 00:06:53,700 call virulence of this pathogen but 185 00:06:57,830 --> 00:06:55,710 interestingly when we looked at the 186 00:07:01,550 --> 00:06:57,840 genes that were switched on and off in 187 00:07:02,570 --> 00:07:01,560 space flight that Salmonella expressed 188 00:07:05,150 --> 00:07:02,580 that were important for its virulence 189 00:07:07,550 --> 00:07:05,160 they were switched on and off in a very 190 00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:07,560 different way than how they're regulated 191 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:09,330 those same genes are regulated when we 192 00:07:13,300 --> 00:07:11,010 study the virulence that organism here 193 00:07:15,830 --> 00:07:13,310 on earth that's very important because 194 00:07:18,380 --> 00:07:15,840 understanding how virulent genes are 195 00:07:20,690 --> 00:07:18,390 switched on and off is critical for 196 00:07:22,730 --> 00:07:20,700 designing new strategies to prevent 197 00:07:25,130 --> 00:07:22,740 infection and disease such as vaccines 198 00:07:27,260 --> 00:07:25,140 so with the knowledge of the space 199 00:07:28,850 --> 00:07:27,270 flight environment uniquely turns on or 200 00:07:30,070 --> 00:07:28,860 switches on and off genes that are 201 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:30,080 important for the disease-causing 202 00:07:34,970 --> 00:07:32,970 ability of this pathogen those genes 203 00:07:37,010 --> 00:07:34,980 serve or lend themselves as novel 204 00:07:38,870 --> 00:07:37,020 targets for vaccine development we're 205 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:38,880 going to apply a very similar approach 206 00:07:43,130 --> 00:07:41,850 now thuy Salmonella vaccine strain and 207 00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:43,140 I'm going to tell you about that vaccine 208 00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:45,330 strain we're going to fly this 209 00:07:49,490 --> 00:07:47,490 particular Salmonella vaccine strain has 210 00:07:52,790 --> 00:07:49,500 been genetically engineered so that does 211 00:07:55,460 --> 00:07:52,800 not cause disease in humans but it has 212 00:07:58,310 --> 00:07:55,470 had inserted into it or art carries a 213 00:08:00,140 --> 00:07:58,320 special antigenic protein that is 214 00:08:02,780 --> 00:08:00,150 protective against disease caused by 215 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:02,790 streptococcus pneumonia or pneumococcus 216 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:06,090 so this edition of this antigenic 217 00:08:09,740 --> 00:08:08,010 protein stimulates a protective immune 218 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:09,750 response in the body without actually 219 00:08:14,270 --> 00:08:12,330 causing disease we chose pneumococcus is 220 00:08:16,460 --> 00:08:14,280 our disease to study because this is a 221 00:08:18,650 --> 00:08:16,470 globally devastating disease it kills 10 222 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:18,660 million people annually but particularly 223 00:08:24,530 --> 00:08:20,970 vulnerable are the newborns very young 224 00:08:28,100 --> 00:08:24,540 children and elderly people whose immune 225 00:08:29,750 --> 00:08:28,110 responses are less able to be protected 226 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:29,760 by the current pneumococcal vaccines 227 00:08:35,630 --> 00:08:32,010 that exist they are just not protected 228 00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:35,640 as well at all so our hope is that we 229 00:08:41,330 --> 00:08:39,300 can use the space flight platform to to 230 00:08:43,610 --> 00:08:41,340 help engineer the wrath of strain back 231 00:08:45,470 --> 00:08:43,620 here on earth to enhance its protective 232 00:08:47,810 --> 00:08:45,480 immunogenicity capabilities and make it 233 00:08:50,840 --> 00:08:47,820 of X better vaccine strain so for our 234 00:08:52,280 --> 00:08:50,850 experiment our rasa vaccine strain is 235 00:08:54,170 --> 00:08:52,290 going to go up in these specially 236 00:08:57,110 --> 00:08:54,180 designed canisters and 237 00:08:59,870 --> 00:08:57,120 once on orbit the crew will activate our 238 00:09:02,570 --> 00:08:59,880 experiment in these canisters these same 239 00:09:04,070 --> 00:09:02,580 canisters will be loaded and used by my 240 00:09:06,530 --> 00:09:04,080 team on the ground at the Kennedy Space 241 00:09:08,870 --> 00:09:06,540 Center under identical conditions except 242 00:09:12,260 --> 00:09:08,880 it doesn't fly with the same vaccine 243 00:09:14,870 --> 00:09:12,270 strain after return from Earth the wrath 244 00:09:17,360 --> 00:09:14,880 of vaccine strain will be compared to 245 00:09:19,220 --> 00:09:17,370 the synchronous ground control vaccine 246 00:09:21,949 --> 00:09:19,230 strain for its ability to protect 247 00:09:24,019 --> 00:09:21,959 against disease caused by pneumococcus 248 00:09:25,820 --> 00:09:24,029 and also to globally look at how the 249 00:09:28,250 --> 00:09:25,830 gene expression patterns have changed 250 00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:28,260 between the flight Brown and the ground 251 00:09:32,720 --> 00:09:30,930 control strain and because wrasses are 252 00:09:35,389 --> 00:09:32,730 protective against a wide variety of 253 00:09:37,040 --> 00:09:35,399 different human and animal pathogens the 254 00:09:39,560 --> 00:09:37,050 outcome of this experiment could really 255 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:39,570 hold exciting promise to lead to new 256 00:09:43,430 --> 00:09:41,610 treatments for diseases other than just 257 00:09:45,829 --> 00:09:43,440 pneumococcus and that is indeed what we 258 00:09:47,870 --> 00:09:45,839 hope that our space like a Space Act 259 00:09:50,180 --> 00:09:47,880 agreement will provide to us at ASU is 260 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:50,190 the potential to continually and 261 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:52,170 routinely have access to the ISS 262 00:09:58,420 --> 00:09:53,970 National Laboratory platform to advance 263 00:10:03,790 --> 00:10:01,420 dr. almeida yes it's a pleasure to speak 264 00:10:06,130 --> 00:10:03,800 to you today I'm going to talk about the 265 00:10:09,070 --> 00:10:06,140 experiment that we're conducting using 266 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:09,080 stem cells to assess what the effects of 267 00:10:16,690 --> 00:10:12,890 microgravity are on stem cell health so 268 00:10:20,050 --> 00:10:16,700 one of the most profound findings that 269 00:10:24,430 --> 00:10:20,060 we have made about the nature of space 270 00:10:26,710 --> 00:10:24,440 is that when you take gravity away from 271 00:10:30,310 --> 00:10:26,720 a biological organism all kinds of 272 00:10:32,290 --> 00:10:30,320 changes happen and we've collected a lot 273 00:10:34,150 --> 00:10:32,300 of physiology information over the years 274 00:10:36,970 --> 00:10:34,160 about these we know about bone loss 275 00:10:39,610 --> 00:10:36,980 immune dysfunction perhaps problems with 276 00:10:43,019 --> 00:10:39,620 bone healing and the problems go on and 277 00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:43,029 on and on recently what we have 278 00:10:48,180 --> 00:10:45,890 discovered is that perhaps a lot of 279 00:10:50,230 --> 00:10:48,190 these problems that we observe 280 00:10:53,079 --> 00:10:50,240 physiological changes that we observe in 281 00:10:56,110 --> 00:10:53,089 space have one thing in common and it's 282 00:10:59,290 --> 00:10:56,120 that perhaps stem cells that are 283 00:11:02,860 --> 00:10:59,300 required to regenerate for instance bone 284 00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:02,870 muscle the immune system and for 285 00:11:06,760 --> 00:11:04,250 instance participating in wound healing 286 00:11:09,250 --> 00:11:06,770 perhaps those stem cells are not 287 00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:09,260 functioning property under conditions of 288 00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:12,410 microgravity and so that realization is 289 00:11:19,030 --> 00:11:16,370 what has motivated us to study precisely 290 00:11:21,100 --> 00:11:19,040 the effects of microgravity on stem 291 00:11:23,380 --> 00:11:21,110 cells and so stem cell health is 292 00:11:26,019 --> 00:11:23,390 incredibly important because throughout 293 00:11:28,540 --> 00:11:26,029 your life all your body is being 294 00:11:32,350 --> 00:11:28,550 constantly renewed and regenerated by 295 00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:32,360 adult stem cells so we all know 296 00:11:39,519 --> 00:11:36,050 intuitively that a mechanical loading 297 00:11:42,730 --> 00:11:39,529 physical exercise is good for you and so 298 00:11:44,890 --> 00:11:42,740 that reflects itself in bigger muscles 299 00:11:47,290 --> 00:11:44,900 stronger bones stronger immune system 300 00:11:49,870 --> 00:11:47,300 even better memory and so for each one 301 00:11:52,900 --> 00:11:49,880 of these things that mechanical loading 302 00:11:55,540 --> 00:11:52,910 of the body does on earth we think that 303 00:11:58,060 --> 00:11:55,550 there may be a deficit in space and so 304 00:12:01,329 --> 00:11:58,070 we're precisely focusing on that problem 305 00:12:03,699 --> 00:12:01,339 of stem cell health in the body and how 306 00:12:05,199 --> 00:12:03,709 it might be affected by microgravity so 307 00:12:09,460 --> 00:12:05,209 we've already done one of these 308 00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:09,470 experiments on sts-131 with mouse 309 00:12:14,230 --> 00:12:11,750 embryonic stem cells as a model 310 00:12:18,460 --> 00:12:14,240 and what we did was to differentiate 311 00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:18,470 those cells into adult like tissues so 312 00:12:22,390 --> 00:12:20,510 we took the stem cells which are 313 00:12:25,510 --> 00:12:22,400 immortal and change the culture 314 00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:25,520 conditions so that they differentiated 315 00:12:32,230 --> 00:12:29,300 into cells that artwork for instance in 316 00:12:35,050 --> 00:12:32,240 beating cardiomyocytes epithelial cells 317 00:12:37,180 --> 00:12:35,060 and neural cells and so on and so we 318 00:12:39,010 --> 00:12:37,190 looked at gene expression patterns we 319 00:12:42,690 --> 00:12:39,020 look at their function and what we've 320 00:12:45,430 --> 00:12:42,700 realized it in space that process of 321 00:12:49,090 --> 00:12:45,440 changing from a stem cell into an adult 322 00:12:52,030 --> 00:12:49,100 tissue is greatly impaired so the cells 323 00:12:55,570 --> 00:12:52,040 maintain their stemness they keep 324 00:12:58,900 --> 00:12:55,580 markers of stem cells and they fail to 325 00:13:03,040 --> 00:12:58,910 move on to differentiated tissue status 326 00:13:05,230 --> 00:13:03,050 so in this flight on sts-135 we're going 327 00:13:07,930 --> 00:13:05,240 to follow up on those results and we are 328 00:13:10,450 --> 00:13:07,940 specifically differentiating mouse 329 00:13:13,090 --> 00:13:10,460 embryonic stem cells into keratinocytes 330 00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:13,100 and we're interested in the specific 331 00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:15,710 problem of the participation of these 332 00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:18,110 epidermal cells in wound healing this is 333 00:13:22,240 --> 00:13:20,510 one of the things that has been noted in 334 00:13:23,950 --> 00:13:22,250 Space Flight there are some evidence 335 00:13:26,170 --> 00:13:23,960 that wound healing may not be 336 00:13:27,670 --> 00:13:26,180 functioning normally and we think that 337 00:13:30,040 --> 00:13:27,680 one of the reasons this might be 338 00:13:32,829 --> 00:13:30,050 happening is because the stem cells that 339 00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:32,839 exist adults themselves it exists in the 340 00:13:38,770 --> 00:13:35,810 epidermis may not be progressing 341 00:13:41,829 --> 00:13:38,780 normally from that state of stem cell to 342 00:13:45,340 --> 00:13:41,839 a differentiated functional tissue so 343 00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:45,350 that's a the idea behind the experiment 344 00:13:50,680 --> 00:13:48,050 so how we're going to do it I didn't 345 00:13:53,320 --> 00:13:50,690 bring the whole set of hardware but I 346 00:13:57,550 --> 00:13:53,330 brought one bioreactor which you can see 347 00:13:59,880 --> 00:13:57,560 here this system is a chamber with 348 00:14:02,800 --> 00:13:59,890 hollow fibers that pass through 349 00:14:05,710 --> 00:14:02,810 nutrients and the cells will be here and 350 00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:05,720 it's almost like a dialysis machine when 351 00:14:10,900 --> 00:14:07,610 the nutrient medium goes through the 352 00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:10,910 fibers it exchanges nutrients and 353 00:14:16,540 --> 00:14:13,310 removes waste products from the cell 354 00:14:19,630 --> 00:14:16,550 culture and so in this way using the CCM 355 00:14:22,300 --> 00:14:19,640 cell culture module hardware we can 356 00:14:24,860 --> 00:14:22,310 culture cells for several weeks without 357 00:14:27,860 --> 00:14:24,870 human intervention fully automated 358 00:14:30,829 --> 00:14:27,870 at the end we will analyze both live 359 00:14:33,050 --> 00:14:30,839 cells that come back to earth as well as 360 00:14:35,480 --> 00:14:33,060 cells that will be fixed during the 361 00:14:38,030 --> 00:14:35,490 flight so that we have a snapshot in 362 00:14:40,010 --> 00:14:38,040 micro gravity of what the gene 363 00:14:43,370 --> 00:14:40,020 expression patterns are of these cells 364 00:14:46,610 --> 00:14:43,380 so hopefully what we learn from these 365 00:14:49,550 --> 00:14:46,620 studies is whether or not stem cell 366 00:14:51,700 --> 00:14:49,560 health and tissue regeneration is going 367 00:14:54,230 --> 00:14:51,710 to be a problem for long-term 368 00:14:55,820 --> 00:14:54,240 spaceflight you know right now we are 369 00:14:58,519 --> 00:14:55,830 seeing a lot of these regenerative 370 00:15:00,440 --> 00:14:58,529 problems emerge with short terms of 371 00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:00,450 spaceflight but if we are going to 372 00:15:04,640 --> 00:15:02,850 travel too far planets and if we are 373 00:15:06,710 --> 00:15:04,650 going to have a continued present in 374 00:15:09,470 --> 00:15:06,720 space we need to understand this and 375 00:15:12,230 --> 00:15:09,480 this is also a unique way of 376 00:15:15,620 --> 00:15:12,240 understanding problems on earth because 377 00:15:17,900 --> 00:15:15,630 you know it's only when you lose gravity 378 00:15:19,880 --> 00:15:17,910 that we get really appreciate how 379 00:15:23,060 --> 00:15:19,890 important that mechanical stimulation of 380 00:15:25,910 --> 00:15:23,070 the body is for health so in a way the 381 00:15:28,340 --> 00:15:25,920 environment on the shuttle on the ISS is 382 00:15:32,840 --> 00:15:28,350 really a unique laboratory for 383 00:15:35,120 --> 00:15:32,850 understanding this prevail pervasive 384 00:15:41,180 --> 00:15:35,130 factor that we cannot get away from on 385 00:15:42,949 --> 00:15:41,190 earth dr. Perera yes hello it's a 386 00:15:44,570 --> 00:15:42,959 pleasure to be here and I'm going to 387 00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:44,580 tell you about something that's a little 388 00:15:50,150 --> 00:15:46,770 bit different but is also very important 389 00:15:52,070 --> 00:15:50,160 for human health i experiment is focused 390 00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:52,080 on plants and as you know on earth 391 00:15:56,390 --> 00:15:54,450 plants are very important as a source of 392 00:15:58,730 --> 00:15:56,400 food and also to clean the air and the 393 00:16:00,769 --> 00:15:58,740 water and if you think about any long 394 00:16:03,590 --> 00:16:00,779 distance space mission in the future 395 00:16:06,170 --> 00:16:03,600 it's going to be important plants will 396 00:16:08,480 --> 00:16:06,180 be a vital component of regenerable life 397 00:16:10,060 --> 00:16:08,490 support so we need to understand how 398 00:16:13,790 --> 00:16:10,070 plants grow in the microgravity 399 00:16:15,470 --> 00:16:13,800 environment and right now space or 400 00:16:17,690 --> 00:16:15,480 microgravity is not the optimal 401 00:16:19,430 --> 00:16:17,700 environment for plant growth so our 402 00:16:22,490 --> 00:16:19,440 experiment is focused on trying to 403 00:16:25,699 --> 00:16:22,500 understand the molecular responses of 404 00:16:28,730 --> 00:16:25,709 plants to microgravity in order to be 405 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:28,740 able to better engineer plants for 406 00:16:32,280 --> 00:16:31,770 future space flight and if I can have oh 407 00:16:38,009 --> 00:16:32,290 yes 408 00:16:40,050 --> 00:16:38,019 so our patch kind of expresses this you 409 00:16:42,329 --> 00:16:40,060 can see our little model organism 410 00:16:46,170 --> 00:16:42,339 arabidopsis which is kind of like the 411 00:16:48,060 --> 00:16:46,180 e.coli for plant genetic studies it's 412 00:16:50,009 --> 00:16:48,070 ideal for these studies because it's 413 00:16:51,749 --> 00:16:50,019 really small and it grows fast and 414 00:16:54,930 --> 00:16:51,759 there's a lot of genetic information out 415 00:16:57,870 --> 00:16:54,940 then molecular tools for arabidopsis you 416 00:16:59,610 --> 00:16:57,880 can see the DNA strand at the bottom 417 00:17:01,530 --> 00:16:59,620 that's to represent that we are going to 418 00:17:04,559 --> 00:17:01,540 do gene expression studies and look at 419 00:17:09,299 --> 00:17:04,569 transcript profiles of plants grown in 420 00:17:11,460 --> 00:17:09,309 microgravity and the other thing that's 421 00:17:13,650 --> 00:17:11,470 important is you can see that this is a 422 00:17:16,530 --> 00:17:13,660 collaborative effort we are very 423 00:17:18,990 --> 00:17:16,540 grateful to NASA and ISA and ames 424 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:19,000 research for helping us with this 425 00:17:26,850 --> 00:17:22,890 project if we can go to the next slide 426 00:17:29,669 --> 00:17:26,860 as you can see here the big picture 427 00:17:33,180 --> 00:17:29,679 shows you an experimental container and 428 00:17:35,039 --> 00:17:33,190 above that is a little seed cassette the 429 00:17:38,430 --> 00:17:35,049 seed cassettes were designed by Ames 430 00:17:41,399 --> 00:17:38,440 Research and I have one here too you can 431 00:17:43,860 --> 00:17:41,409 see the seeds will be mounted in this 432 00:17:47,030 --> 00:17:43,870 seed cassette they're stable in this 433 00:17:49,260 --> 00:17:47,040 condition and they will be a carried on 434 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:49,270 sts-135 to the International Space 435 00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:52,330 Station once we get to the International 436 00:17:57,210 --> 00:17:54,730 Space Station these experimental 437 00:17:59,460 --> 00:17:57,220 containers which are the containers at 438 00:18:02,850 --> 00:17:59,470 the bottom of the screen those will be 439 00:18:05,640 --> 00:18:02,860 loaded onto a special chamber called the 440 00:18:08,340 --> 00:18:05,650 EMC s or European modular cultivation 441 00:18:09,899 --> 00:18:08,350 system this is a unique experimental 442 00:18:11,909 --> 00:18:09,909 system for us because it's 443 00:18:13,860 --> 00:18:11,919 environmentally contained chamber and 444 00:18:17,039 --> 00:18:13,870 the nice thing about it is that it 445 00:18:19,830 --> 00:18:17,049 actually has two centrifuges on it so we 446 00:18:22,649 --> 00:18:19,840 can do a bungee control in the same 447 00:18:25,590 --> 00:18:22,659 space environment so what that means is 448 00:18:28,500 --> 00:18:25,600 one rotor will be spinning to simulate 449 00:18:30,539 --> 00:18:28,510 1g or its gravity and the other one will 450 00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:30,549 remain stationary and that will be micro 451 00:18:35,399 --> 00:18:33,250 G so other than the difference in G all 452 00:18:39,080 --> 00:18:35,409 the other conditions within the EMC s 453 00:18:42,930 --> 00:18:39,090 will be the same so we have a nice 454 00:18:46,279 --> 00:18:42,940 controlled experiment we also from 455 00:18:51,060 --> 00:18:49,200 determined I are interested in a 456 00:18:53,340 --> 00:18:51,070 particular signaling pathway that's 457 00:18:55,140 --> 00:18:53,350 operational in plants and so we actually 458 00:18:57,560 --> 00:18:55,150 have two different types of plants that 459 00:19:00,029 --> 00:18:57,570 will be comparing in this experiment 460 00:19:01,980 --> 00:19:00,039 control plants and plants that have been 461 00:19:05,820 --> 00:19:01,990 genetically modified to have the 462 00:19:07,830 --> 00:19:05,830 signaling components compromised and so 463 00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:07,840 using this information comparing these 464 00:19:12,330 --> 00:19:09,850 two types of plants we hope that we'll 465 00:19:14,340 --> 00:19:12,340 be able to get a snapshot of what's 466 00:19:17,070 --> 00:19:14,350 going on at a molecular level and 467 00:19:18,960 --> 00:19:17,080 compare these experiments compare these 468 00:19:22,140 --> 00:19:18,970 plants so that we can better engineer 469 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:22,150 them for future space experiments in 470 00:19:26,789 --> 00:19:23,730 addition to that this work has 471 00:19:30,180 --> 00:19:26,799 application to ground earth to earth as 472 00:19:33,419 --> 00:19:30,190 well because the space environment as I 473 00:19:35,159 --> 00:19:33,429 said is very stressful and this will 474 00:19:38,070 --> 00:19:35,169 give us some information about extreme 475 00:19:41,580 --> 00:19:38,080 environments on ground as well for the 476 00:19:44,070 --> 00:19:41,590 final slide this will just show you 477 00:19:45,810 --> 00:19:44,080 these are the kinds of data that will be 478 00:19:48,750 --> 00:19:45,820 collected while the experiment is 479 00:19:50,700 --> 00:19:48,760 running so once the seed cassettes once 480 00:19:53,370 --> 00:19:50,710 the experiment starts the seed cassettes 481 00:19:55,799 --> 00:19:53,380 will be hydrated and we will get two 482 00:19:57,690 --> 00:19:55,809 sets of images every success we have 483 00:19:59,549 --> 00:19:57,700 what we call the overview image which 484 00:20:01,110 --> 00:19:59,559 will show you every single seed cassette 485 00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:01,120 and the little seedlings growing and 486 00:20:06,690 --> 00:20:03,610 then we'll also get close-up images that 487 00:20:09,390 --> 00:20:06,700 you can see in the blowup and this 488 00:20:11,340 --> 00:20:09,400 experiment will run for five days at the 489 00:20:14,250 --> 00:20:11,350 end of that the samples will be 490 00:20:16,140 --> 00:20:14,260 preserved on the ISS frozen on the ISS 491 00:20:17,640 --> 00:20:16,150 and then return to our satellite a date 492 00:20:21,690 --> 00:20:17,650 so we can carry out our molecular 493 00:20:23,789 --> 00:20:21,700 analysis thank you all right thank you 494 00:20:25,470 --> 00:20:23,799 we'll be happy to take any questions you 495 00:20:27,240 --> 00:20:25,480 might have please wait for the 496 00:20:28,710 --> 00:20:27,250 microphone state your name and 497 00:20:30,450 --> 00:20:28,720 affiliation and to whom you're 498 00:20:34,560 --> 00:20:30,460 addressing your question and we'll start 499 00:20:38,010 --> 00:20:34,570 off with Seth Borenstein yes using Seth 500 00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:38,020 Borenstein ap for dr. Nickerson the 501 00:20:43,890 --> 00:20:41,110 vaccine you said it's salmonella and 502 00:20:46,260 --> 00:20:43,900 it's got the added pneumococcus accepted 503 00:20:49,470 --> 00:20:46,270 genic pneumococcus but you're only 504 00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:49,480 looking at the pneumococcus effects on 505 00:20:55,999 --> 00:20:51,960 the pneumococcus why aren't you looking 506 00:21:00,899 --> 00:20:56,009 specifically at the effects of the other 507 00:21:03,239 --> 00:21:00,909 you know the other protective for other 508 00:21:05,879 --> 00:21:03,249 diseases there and have there been other 509 00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:05,889 vaccines what's been the result of other 510 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:07,210 vaccines that have been flown in 511 00:21:11,850 --> 00:21:09,610 microgravity some excellent questions 512 00:21:13,649 --> 00:21:11,860 I'll answer the second one first and the 513 00:21:15,479 --> 00:21:13,659 first one second to my knowledge no 514 00:21:17,279 --> 00:21:15,489 other vaccines have been flown in 515 00:21:19,440 --> 00:21:17,289 microgravity this is the first 516 00:21:21,570 --> 00:21:19,450 experiment to actually fly a vaccine 517 00:21:23,729 --> 00:21:21,580 that's in human clinical trials that 518 00:21:25,289 --> 00:21:23,739 just needs to be improved okay other 519 00:21:26,940 --> 00:21:25,299 approaches are trying to develop 520 00:21:28,529 --> 00:21:26,950 vaccines in spaceflight we're just 521 00:21:30,779 --> 00:21:28,539 taking a different approach we're flying 522 00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:30,789 a vaccine that exists and needs to be 523 00:21:36,029 --> 00:21:33,850 made better okay the other question in 524 00:21:39,239 --> 00:21:36,039 terms of yes we are looking to improve 525 00:21:43,379 --> 00:21:39,249 the anti pneumococcal protective 526 00:21:45,899 --> 00:21:43,389 immunity for this vaccine it's already 527 00:21:47,849 --> 00:21:45,909 protective against salmonella because it 528 00:21:51,210 --> 00:21:47,859 carries salmonella as a crippled vector 529 00:21:56,159 --> 00:21:51,220 so that's the easy part the hard part is 530 00:21:58,529 --> 00:21:56,169 to get salmonella 22 protectively 531 00:22:01,139 --> 00:21:58,539 robustly elicits a protective immune 532 00:22:03,359 --> 00:22:01,149 response that is done without a needle 533 00:22:06,869 --> 00:22:03,369 okay which is a major advantage of other 534 00:22:08,729 --> 00:22:06,879 vaccines and can confer as close to a 535 00:22:11,489 --> 00:22:08,739 hundred percent immunity as possible an 536 00:22:14,970 --> 00:22:11,499 advantage of using Salmonella to do this 537 00:22:16,950 --> 00:22:14,980 is it elicits one of the three arms of 538 00:22:19,739 --> 00:22:16,960 the immune response that you miss when 539 00:22:21,239 --> 00:22:19,749 you go by a needle and that's called the 540 00:22:24,229 --> 00:22:21,249 mucosal immune response because this 541 00:22:26,970 --> 00:22:24,239 vaccine will be given orally and so 542 00:22:28,590 --> 00:22:26,980 because you're working with a crippled 543 00:22:30,359 --> 00:22:28,600 version of Salmonella if you will of 544 00:22:32,190 --> 00:22:30,369 course we can't give a version of that 545 00:22:33,419 --> 00:22:32,200 story that would cause disease so kind 546 00:22:35,639 --> 00:22:33,429 of view it as we've it's been 547 00:22:38,129 --> 00:22:35,649 genetically engineered to have one arm 548 00:22:40,049 --> 00:22:38,139 tied behind its back so it can go in and 549 00:22:42,269 --> 00:22:40,059 punch it's got a punch but it can't 550 00:22:44,879 --> 00:22:42,279 punch enough to cause disease and that's 551 00:22:47,009 --> 00:22:44,889 a very very thin line that you're 552 00:22:49,109 --> 00:22:47,019 walking because if you attenuate or 553 00:22:51,509 --> 00:22:49,119 reduce that ability to punch too much it 554 00:22:54,570 --> 00:22:51,519 won't elicit a good ramune response if 555 00:22:56,940 --> 00:22:54,580 you don't if you don't nu it enough it's 556 00:22:58,649 --> 00:22:56,950 going to cause disease and it were 557 00:23:01,109 --> 00:22:58,659 fortunate that our investigators have 558 00:23:03,029 --> 00:23:01,119 had decades of experience in engineering 559 00:23:05,159 --> 00:23:03,039 this particular vaccine strain we just 560 00:23:07,409 --> 00:23:05,169 need to make it a little better okay so 561 00:23:08,860 --> 00:23:07,419 I just want to make sure I'm clear so as 562 00:23:11,799 --> 00:23:08,870 far as the 563 00:23:14,370 --> 00:23:11,809 the salmonella it's all right that's not 564 00:23:16,990 --> 00:23:14,380 that part is not the Tinker it's the 565 00:23:19,330 --> 00:23:17,000 just the pneumococcus part that you're 566 00:23:24,010 --> 00:23:19,340 trying to improve and I'm trying in 567 00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:24,020 terms of efficacy what is it now and so 568 00:23:29,470 --> 00:23:27,170 you know Yorkers yeah what kind of 569 00:23:31,540 --> 00:23:29,480 virulent you know what what kind of 570 00:23:33,940 --> 00:23:31,550 effectiveness or however you measure it 571 00:23:36,580 --> 00:23:33,950 what is it now with what you've got and 572 00:23:39,220 --> 00:23:36,590 what is your goal to try to get to the 573 00:23:41,680 --> 00:23:39,230 goal is to get to a single oral dose 574 00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:41,690 that requires no boosters that confers 575 00:23:47,350 --> 00:23:45,530 100% protection long-term that's always 576 00:23:49,630 --> 00:23:47,360 the goal of any vaccine having said that 577 00:23:52,720 --> 00:23:49,640 current anti pneumococcal vaccines are 578 00:23:54,820 --> 00:23:52,730 either subunit vaccines that are 579 00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:54,830 composed of just capsular the outer 580 00:24:00,850 --> 00:23:57,010 covering of streptococcus pneumonia or 581 00:24:02,549 --> 00:24:00,860 and or they have a protein attached to 582 00:24:05,070 --> 00:24:02,559 them to make them more immunogenic 583 00:24:08,410 --> 00:24:05,080 unfortunately those particular vaccines 584 00:24:10,270 --> 00:24:08,420 and there mr. by needle in the newborn 585 00:24:13,750 --> 00:24:10,280 and elderly population there only about 586 00:24:16,090 --> 00:24:13,760 sixty percent effective and so the goal 587 00:24:18,340 --> 00:24:16,100 for the current vaccine is by taking it 588 00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:18,350 orally and having Salmonella there to 589 00:24:22,630 --> 00:24:20,510 stimulate a strong protective mucosal 590 00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:22,640 immunity we anticipate that we're going 591 00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:24,050 to get protection against salmonella 592 00:24:30,730 --> 00:24:27,170 that's already been shown we now want to 593 00:24:32,549 --> 00:24:30,740 use Salmonella as this vector to provide 594 00:24:35,770 --> 00:24:32,559 protection against against other 595 00:24:38,410 --> 00:24:35,780 pathogens including in addition to 596 00:24:40,360 --> 00:24:38,420 streptococcus pneumoniae and the first 597 00:24:43,060 --> 00:24:40,370 date has just come back from the 598 00:24:45,370 --> 00:24:43,070 clinical trials from this work and again 599 00:24:47,290 --> 00:24:45,380 it is showing exciting promise I don't 600 00:24:48,940 --> 00:24:47,300 want to release numbers because we need 601 00:24:51,130 --> 00:24:48,950 to go back with our team and look at 602 00:24:53,290 --> 00:24:51,140 those it's showing exciting promise no 603 00:24:54,850 --> 00:24:53,300 negative side effects okay but it's 604 00:24:57,130 --> 00:24:54,860 showing excited for ability to protect 605 00:24:59,549 --> 00:24:57,140 but it we need to make that protection 606 00:25:01,660 --> 00:24:59,559 better so it can do it with one dose 607 00:25:03,910 --> 00:25:01,670 from the I know you don't want to give 608 00:25:05,500 --> 00:25:03,920 numbers from the clinical trial but 609 00:25:07,830 --> 00:25:05,510 there's still a gap between what you're 610 00:25:10,870 --> 00:25:07,840 seeing on the ground clinical trial and 611 00:25:14,020 --> 00:25:10,880 a hundred percent will otherwise I guess 612 00:25:15,549 --> 00:25:14,030 my point is are you if it's really good 613 00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:15,559 right now in the ground why bother doing 614 00:25:19,150 --> 00:25:17,510 this you're correct there's a gap it 615 00:25:23,460 --> 00:25:19,160 needs to be better it's not good enough 616 00:25:26,380 --> 00:25:23,470 yet but we believe we can get it there 617 00:25:27,790 --> 00:25:26,390 right here in the front row hi Emily 618 00:25:30,310 --> 00:25:27,800 Baldwin from astronomy now with a 619 00:25:32,410 --> 00:25:30,320 question for dr. Robinson and whenever I 620 00:25:34,210 --> 00:25:32,420 bring up the topic of the International 621 00:25:35,710 --> 00:25:34,220 Space Station with people back home with 622 00:25:36,940 --> 00:25:35,720 whether it's a general public and also 623 00:25:39,250 --> 00:25:36,950 other members of the science community 624 00:25:40,870 --> 00:25:39,260 I'm also i'm often sort of met with a 625 00:25:43,060 --> 00:25:40,880 lot of cynicism with people saying it's 626 00:25:44,470 --> 00:25:43,070 very expensive science laboratory and we 627 00:25:46,090 --> 00:25:44,480 don't actually see that much from it now 628 00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:46,100 we've heard some fantastic examples of 629 00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:48,050 experiments already I was wondering if 630 00:25:52,180 --> 00:25:49,580 you had a message for those people 631 00:25:53,500 --> 00:25:52,190 perhaps sort of commenting on how the 632 00:25:57,010 --> 00:25:53,510 International Space Station you know 633 00:25:58,480 --> 00:25:57,020 what it can do for you basically well so 634 00:26:00,400 --> 00:25:58,490 you have to put those kinds of 635 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:00,410 perspectives in a historical context 636 00:26:05,020 --> 00:26:03,770 because 15 years ago scientists there 637 00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:05,030 were some scientists who said well I 638 00:26:08,350 --> 00:26:06,530 only think I do a couple of experiments 639 00:26:10,660 --> 00:26:08,360 there and that isn't that important to 640 00:26:13,120 --> 00:26:10,670 me they were imagining should we build 641 00:26:15,550 --> 00:26:13,130 the space station or not in the u.s. we 642 00:26:17,260 --> 00:26:15,560 made the decision that assembling the 643 00:26:19,330 --> 00:26:17,270 space station was important to us for a 644 00:26:21,460 --> 00:26:19,340 number of reasons for our space 645 00:26:23,770 --> 00:26:21,470 technology development for building 646 00:26:25,120 --> 00:26:23,780 peaceful partnerships in space and the 647 00:26:27,250 --> 00:26:25,130 Assembly of the space station has 648 00:26:29,860 --> 00:26:27,260 achieved those two objectives 649 00:26:31,900 --> 00:26:29,870 beautifully now we're shifting from the 650 00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:31,910 decade of assembly to the decade of 651 00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:33,650 research and during that decade of 652 00:26:36,490 --> 00:26:35,090 research is when the scientists will get 653 00:26:37,900 --> 00:26:36,500 the chance to do all of those 654 00:26:39,850 --> 00:26:37,910 experiments that have been envisioned 655 00:26:41,740 --> 00:26:39,860 you're seeing some of the life 656 00:26:42,910 --> 00:26:41,750 scientists the biologists and the 657 00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:42,920 different creative things that they're 658 00:26:47,110 --> 00:26:44,570 doing but we also have the Alpha 659 00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:47,120 Magnetic Spectrometer which has been on 660 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:49,130 orbit for a little less than a couple 661 00:26:53,290 --> 00:26:51,410 months now and already got its billionth 662 00:26:55,270 --> 00:26:53,300 observation of galactic cosmic rays 663 00:26:56,830 --> 00:26:55,280 that's addressing a completely different 664 00:26:59,380 --> 00:26:56,840 community the community of fundamental 665 00:27:02,080 --> 00:26:59,390 physicists we have human physiologists 666 00:27:03,970 --> 00:27:02,090 we have fluid physicists and we have a 667 00:27:05,860 --> 00:27:03,980 variety of technologies so that breadth 668 00:27:07,960 --> 00:27:05,870 of application now that the laboratories 669 00:27:10,570 --> 00:27:07,970 built it's really time and in fact a 670 00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:10,580 nature magazine said this in a recent 671 00:27:13,360 --> 00:27:11,930 editorial about four months ago they 672 00:27:14,740 --> 00:27:13,370 said now it's time for scientists to put 673 00:27:19,990 --> 00:27:14,750 their best experiments forward and use 674 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:20,000 the laboratory thanks I'm Kerri Sheridan 675 00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:22,730 from agency france-presse for dr. 676 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:25,910 Almeida could you describe you mentioned 677 00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:27,770 that there's been some knowledge that 678 00:27:31,120 --> 00:27:29,450 wound healing doesn't happen very well 679 00:27:33,490 --> 00:27:31,130 in space can you give us a few examples 680 00:27:35,620 --> 00:27:33,500 of how that's been learned 681 00:27:38,710 --> 00:27:35,630 and if stem cells aren't acting properly 682 00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:38,720 in space how are we going to overcome 683 00:27:42,820 --> 00:27:40,550 that hurdle is it something that could 684 00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:42,830 potentially prevent humans from spending 685 00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:46,090 long long time longer periods in space 686 00:27:53,950 --> 00:27:50,510 well a lot of the the physiology data 687 00:27:56,230 --> 00:27:53,960 for wound healing is anecdotal from 688 00:27:59,380 --> 00:27:56,240 astronauts that have that experience and 689 00:28:02,650 --> 00:27:59,390 it's not a controlled study it's just 690 00:28:06,070 --> 00:28:02,660 medical data collected over the years so 691 00:28:08,140 --> 00:28:06,080 you know on the ground we would use an 692 00:28:09,820 --> 00:28:08,150 animal model a mouse for instance we 693 00:28:13,870 --> 00:28:09,830 would do a study would compare the 694 00:28:16,930 --> 00:28:13,880 factors objectively we do have a lot of 695 00:28:19,720 --> 00:28:16,940 anecdotal evidence from medical records 696 00:28:22,660 --> 00:28:19,730 that this is a problem and so we're 697 00:28:24,730 --> 00:28:22,670 following up on that kind of hint that 698 00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:24,740 there is a problem there and trying to 699 00:28:29,790 --> 00:28:27,050 determine if the one of the key 700 00:28:33,220 --> 00:28:29,800 components of wound healing in this case 701 00:28:35,710 --> 00:28:33,230 the keratinocyte is able to 702 00:28:38,980 --> 00:28:35,720 differentiate normally in space and we 703 00:28:42,970 --> 00:28:38,990 already have a lot of evidence that that 704 00:28:45,220 --> 00:28:42,980 it's not so that that's what we're 705 00:28:47,770 --> 00:28:45,230 working with in your space you know it 706 00:28:50,050 --> 00:28:47,780 takes ten years to do in space what you 707 00:28:53,140 --> 00:28:50,060 could do in the laboratory in less than 708 00:28:55,780 --> 00:28:53,150 six months so we have to be patient and 709 00:28:57,970 --> 00:28:55,790 we have to go on hints for a lot of 710 00:29:02,620 --> 00:28:57,980 things but this is something that we are 711 00:29:05,950 --> 00:29:02,630 we seeing it as a unifying theme the 712 00:29:09,310 --> 00:29:05,960 fact that stem cells in general may not 713 00:29:12,430 --> 00:29:09,320 be progressing normally to regenerate 714 00:29:16,170 --> 00:29:12,440 tissues in the body and so what could we 715 00:29:19,090 --> 00:29:16,180 do to improve this well the obvious 716 00:29:21,190 --> 00:29:19,100 answer is to restore mechanical 717 00:29:22,990 --> 00:29:21,200 stimulation of the body and this would 718 00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:23,000 be done with artificial gravity with the 719 00:29:29,740 --> 00:29:26,330 centrifuge of sorts that would impart 720 00:29:31,960 --> 00:29:29,750 again and the mechanical pressure from 721 00:29:34,390 --> 00:29:31,970 from Hydra stuff of gravity generating 722 00:29:36,430 --> 00:29:34,400 hydrostatic pressure the heart pumping 723 00:29:38,410 --> 00:29:36,440 more strongly all that creates a 724 00:29:40,660 --> 00:29:38,420 mechanical environment in the body that 725 00:29:42,850 --> 00:29:40,670 is necessary to stimulate cell growth 726 00:29:46,740 --> 00:29:42,860 and we actually know a lot about how 727 00:29:50,010 --> 00:29:46,750 this happens we know that this growth 728 00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:50,020 promoting signaling in cells is the 729 00:29:57,660 --> 00:29:53,710 result of signaling from interactions 730 00:30:00,540 --> 00:29:57,670 between integrins the extracellular 731 00:30:03,870 --> 00:30:00,550 matrix things like collagen through 732 00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:03,880 kinase cascades that promote cell cycle 733 00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:06,310 progression and on the ground we can put 734 00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:09,850 cells on a centrifuge let's say at 10 g 735 00:30:16,020 --> 00:30:13,690 vs 1 g and we at the end of a day or two 736 00:30:19,230 --> 00:30:16,030 we find that one hundred and fifty 737 00:30:21,690 --> 00:30:19,240 percent increase in cell proliferation 738 00:30:25,980 --> 00:30:21,700 just as a response to increase gravity 739 00:30:30,300 --> 00:30:25,990 so we know that we we can promote cell 740 00:30:32,430 --> 00:30:30,310 growth and this proliferative part of 741 00:30:36,390 --> 00:30:32,440 regeneration of tissues simply by 742 00:30:39,030 --> 00:30:36,400 restoring gravity now from a technical 743 00:30:41,340 --> 00:30:39,040 point of view engineering a centrifuge 744 00:30:45,350 --> 00:30:41,350 and the cost of it it's fairly expensive 745 00:30:48,810 --> 00:30:45,360 and for short stays in space the benefit 746 00:30:50,550 --> 00:30:48,820 balance with cost has been such that we 747 00:30:52,980 --> 00:30:50,560 take the risk of not having that 748 00:30:54,540 --> 00:30:52,990 mechanical stimulation but from what 749 00:30:56,930 --> 00:30:54,550 we're learning it may very well be that 750 00:30:59,130 --> 00:30:56,940 long-term space travel may require 751 00:31:04,620 --> 00:30:59,140 restoring some sort of artificial 752 00:31:07,770 --> 00:31:04,630 gravity gentlemen in the rear Doug 753 00:31:10,470 --> 00:31:07,780 moaning TMC satellite spotlight can the 754 00:31:13,500 --> 00:31:10,480 three of you address how long your 755 00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:13,510 experiments need to go on in space 756 00:31:18,990 --> 00:31:15,850 before you see a result is there a magic 757 00:31:21,620 --> 00:31:19,000 number for instance where you want to 758 00:31:25,490 --> 00:31:21,630 have a virus you want to have them the 759 00:31:28,410 --> 00:31:25,500 bacteria up there for two weeks two days 760 00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:28,420 sub Z right there any way to quantify 761 00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:30,130 that there seems to be like some sort of 762 00:31:34,710 --> 00:31:32,110 magic number that's not magic number but 763 00:31:37,230 --> 00:31:34,720 but you know it seems like the longer 764 00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:37,240 exposure is good shorter exposure bad 765 00:31:43,020 --> 00:31:39,690 when it comes to seeing these results 766 00:31:45,540 --> 00:31:43,030 it's a good question it depends on what 767 00:31:48,270 --> 00:31:45,550 is the question you're asking for 768 00:31:52,350 --> 00:31:48,280 example our experiment will be activated 769 00:31:53,820 --> 00:31:52,360 to grow for only three days because 770 00:31:55,860 --> 00:31:53,830 we're interested in more of the 771 00:31:57,240 --> 00:31:55,870 short-term effects for the study and 772 00:31:59,250 --> 00:31:57,250 also because our hardware is not 773 00:32:00,240 --> 00:31:59,260 designed to allow these cells to grow 774 00:32:02,370 --> 00:32:00,250 for longer 775 00:32:04,410 --> 00:32:02,380 of time if you're more interested in 776 00:32:06,870 --> 00:32:04,420 looking at which is just as important 777 00:32:09,780 --> 00:32:06,880 the long-term effects of culturing cells 778 00:32:11,310 --> 00:32:09,790 in the microgravity environment that is 779 00:32:13,740 --> 00:32:11,320 addressing a different question that 780 00:32:15,510 --> 00:32:13,750 what we need to answer for our immediate 781 00:32:17,580 --> 00:32:15,520 efforts for this for this pneumococcal 782 00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:17,590 vaccine both of those questions are 783 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:18,970 important to understand the effects of 784 00:32:24,750 --> 00:32:21,010 microgravity during long-term or 785 00:32:26,190 --> 00:32:24,760 short-term culture growth I strongly 786 00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:26,200 suspect and I would like to hear their 787 00:32:29,910 --> 00:32:27,970 what my colleagues think that you're 788 00:32:32,070 --> 00:32:29,920 going to get much different responses 789 00:32:33,690 --> 00:32:32,080 long-term then then you would short term 790 00:32:36,680 --> 00:32:33,700 as the cells begin to adapt and change 791 00:32:38,940 --> 00:32:36,690 and learn to live in that environment 792 00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:38,950 our previous experiments were done 793 00:32:42,690 --> 00:32:40,450 short-term where and we showed 794 00:32:45,480 --> 00:32:42,700 Salmonella became a much better pathogen 795 00:32:47,190 --> 00:32:45,490 in flight and and it uniquely changed 796 00:32:48,420 --> 00:32:47,200 the expression of these genes which are 797 00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:48,430 important for causing disease 798 00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:49,930 differently than what we see on earth 799 00:32:55,590 --> 00:32:52,930 that's what gave us the impetus to move 800 00:32:57,690 --> 00:32:55,600 forward with this rasa vaccine strain to 801 00:33:00,420 --> 00:32:57,700 basically replicate those additions for 802 00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:00,430 a shorter term flight again it just 803 00:33:05,420 --> 00:33:02,710 depends on what your application is to 804 00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:05,430 whether you going to go shorter long 805 00:33:11,430 --> 00:33:07,570 you're not going to get the same results 806 00:33:13,230 --> 00:33:11,440 by doing a suborbital run for like five 807 00:33:15,090 --> 00:33:13,240 minutes you're going to need a long you 808 00:33:17,010 --> 00:33:15,100 need a minimum period of time we need a 809 00:33:18,540 --> 00:33:17,020 generation time for our particular 810 00:33:20,580 --> 00:33:18,550 experiment we need to have multiple 811 00:33:23,190 --> 00:33:20,590 generations so the cells can adapt and 812 00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:23,200 grow and respond so we definitely need 813 00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:25,090 something like a minute a few minutes 814 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:28,810 whatever we need a few days so let me 815 00:33:32,610 --> 00:33:31,210 address your question too there are it 816 00:33:34,410 --> 00:33:32,620 really depends on what you're doing 817 00:33:36,810 --> 00:33:34,420 scientifically there are some 818 00:33:38,970 --> 00:33:36,820 experiments that you only need a few 819 00:33:41,220 --> 00:33:38,980 minutes for instance the interaction 820 00:33:44,100 --> 00:33:41,230 between two cells like for instance an 821 00:33:46,290 --> 00:33:44,110 antibody presenting cell that can be 822 00:33:50,130 --> 00:33:46,300 done in a very short period of exposure 823 00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:50,140 to microgravity but in general we have 824 00:33:56,520 --> 00:33:52,210 already done a lot of those experiments 825 00:33:59,220 --> 00:33:56,530 and the scientific community now is more 826 00:34:01,850 --> 00:33:59,230 interested in the long term so we've 827 00:34:05,340 --> 00:34:01,860 been doing for 50 years almost 828 00:34:07,590 --> 00:34:05,350 experiments limited to low-earth orbits 829 00:34:09,629 --> 00:34:07,600 and two short periods of time up to two 830 00:34:12,540 --> 00:34:09,639 weeks while we now know want to know 831 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:12,550 what happens with one month in space 832 00:34:16,380 --> 00:34:13,810 with two months since 833 00:34:18,690 --> 00:34:16,390 and the limits that we have are the 834 00:34:21,090 --> 00:34:18,700 hardware we cannot keep things alive for 835 00:34:23,610 --> 00:34:21,100 that long we need to build better cell 836 00:34:25,770 --> 00:34:23,620 culture machines that will go for longer 837 00:34:27,930 --> 00:34:25,780 we need to build better habitats from 838 00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:27,940 mice and other organisms that will let 839 00:34:32,940 --> 00:34:30,610 us do an experiment for many months from 840 00:34:35,850 --> 00:34:32,950 my own point of view from my research in 841 00:34:38,250 --> 00:34:35,860 stem cells you know you have a variety 842 00:34:40,050 --> 00:34:38,260 of speed of regeneration if you look at 843 00:34:42,840 --> 00:34:40,060 the lining of the intestine that has 844 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:42,850 been regenerating extremely fast in a 845 00:34:47,550 --> 00:34:45,010 few days you have turnover of the whole 846 00:34:49,620 --> 00:34:47,560 lining the same is true for blood but 847 00:34:52,770 --> 00:34:49,630 other tissues are much much much slower 848 00:34:55,410 --> 00:34:52,780 in regenerating so if you're looking at 849 00:34:57,510 --> 00:34:55,420 repair of a heart muscle for instance or 850 00:35:00,180 --> 00:34:57,520 between for instance formation of memory 851 00:35:03,090 --> 00:35:00,190 in the brain from from neural stem cells 852 00:35:05,790 --> 00:35:03,100 all those things are very long-term 853 00:35:08,220 --> 00:35:05,800 processes so if you want to study those 854 00:35:11,460 --> 00:35:08,230 you have to have animals like small 855 00:35:13,620 --> 00:35:11,470 rodents in orbit for months in order to 856 00:35:15,690 --> 00:35:13,630 be able to get good good data so that's 857 00:35:18,330 --> 00:35:15,700 why the ISS is so important for us 858 00:35:20,550 --> 00:35:18,340 because will let us get to that set of 859 00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:20,560 experiments that we have not never 860 00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:26,290 gotten to before 4i experiment 2 I 861 00:35:30,570 --> 00:35:28,810 wouldn't say it's totally long term it's 862 00:35:32,190 --> 00:35:30,580 probably sort of intermediate because 863 00:35:34,020 --> 00:35:32,200 we're not going for a whole life cycle 864 00:35:36,590 --> 00:35:34,030 but we are germinating the seed and 865 00:35:39,150 --> 00:35:36,600 growing them for about five to six days 866 00:35:41,100 --> 00:35:39,160 again we have a limitation with the 867 00:35:42,810 --> 00:35:41,110 hardware store how long we can grow them 868 00:35:46,110 --> 00:35:42,820 so because these are really small seed 869 00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:46,120 cassettes by about six days they're 870 00:35:53,940 --> 00:35:48,910 going to get too big to be in this 871 00:35:56,310 --> 00:35:53,950 confined space okay gentlemen in the 872 00:35:59,130 --> 00:35:56,320 green shirt here G michalka for talking 873 00:36:00,450 --> 00:35:59,140 space this is for Julie Robinson could 874 00:36:02,190 --> 00:36:00,460 you take us through the process of how 875 00:36:04,890 --> 00:36:02,200 an experiment is selected to fly on the 876 00:36:06,720 --> 00:36:04,900 International Space Station Thanks sure 877 00:36:08,580 --> 00:36:06,730 one of the really interesting things 878 00:36:10,650 --> 00:36:08,590 about the space station as it exists 879 00:36:13,470 --> 00:36:10,660 today is it's really a model of the way 880 00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:13,480 that scientists in the United States do 881 00:36:16,890 --> 00:36:15,370 research on the ground as well so there 882 00:36:20,070 --> 00:36:16,900 are a variety of different sources of 883 00:36:21,900 --> 00:36:20,080 funding from NASA funding national 884 00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:21,910 institutes of health funding National 885 00:36:26,670 --> 00:36:24,610 Science Foundation there are 886 00:36:27,630 --> 00:36:26,680 corporations that fund research on the 887 00:36:30,900 --> 00:36:27,640 space station as part 888 00:36:33,780 --> 00:36:30,910 of their rd program and then there are 889 00:36:35,640 --> 00:36:33,790 and those all those different selection 890 00:36:37,380 --> 00:36:35,650 processes come into play when a 891 00:36:39,060 --> 00:36:37,390 scientists like dr. Nickerson comes 892 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:39,070 forward her early research was funded by 893 00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:42,010 NASA her later research now has she's 894 00:36:45,900 --> 00:36:44,290 raised that money privately because of 895 00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:45,910 the important application on earth and 896 00:36:49,890 --> 00:36:48,370 so there's not a single process for how 897 00:36:52,350 --> 00:36:49,900 research comes under the space station 898 00:36:53,430 --> 00:36:52,360 but if it's selected by nasa it comes in 899 00:36:55,500 --> 00:36:53,440 through that nasa sponsoring 900 00:36:57,630 --> 00:36:55,510 organization at nasa headquarters if it 901 00:36:59,490 --> 00:36:57,640 comes in some other way such as dr. 902 00:37:00,660 --> 00:36:59,500 Nickerson's work then it comes in 903 00:37:02,610 --> 00:37:00,670 through a space act agreement through 904 00:37:04,230 --> 00:37:02,620 our national laboratory office and then 905 00:37:05,730 --> 00:37:04,240 both kinds of research come together in 906 00:37:07,860 --> 00:37:05,740 space so it's really outstanding because 907 00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:07,870 it matches that same pattern of 908 00:37:12,030 --> 00:37:09,610 innovation that has made the United 909 00:37:14,160 --> 00:37:12,040 States such a great scientific power and 910 00:37:17,850 --> 00:37:14,170 we have all of those opportunities open 911 00:37:19,890 --> 00:37:17,860 for great ideas to get to space hey 912 00:37:23,280 --> 00:37:19,900 right here hi I'm Catherine Qualtrough 913 00:37:25,830 --> 00:37:23,290 with Kiwi Space Foundation and UNCC I 914 00:37:27,960 --> 00:37:25,840 have two questions I'm first for dr. 915 00:37:29,670 --> 00:37:27,970 almeida you talked about how stem cells 916 00:37:32,490 --> 00:37:29,680 don't function properly under 917 00:37:34,170 --> 00:37:32,500 microgravity specifically the failure of 918 00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:34,180 the stem cell to move into an adult 919 00:37:38,940 --> 00:37:37,210 differentiated form I know that nASA has 920 00:37:40,710 --> 00:37:38,950 a long track record of using space 921 00:37:43,350 --> 00:37:40,720 science to help our health here on earth 922 00:37:45,420 --> 00:37:43,360 are the effects of microgravity that 923 00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:45,430 you've seen do they show any similarity 924 00:37:50,330 --> 00:37:48,160 to possible stem cell dysfunction and 925 00:37:53,550 --> 00:37:50,340 diseases on earth autoimmune diseases 926 00:37:58,580 --> 00:37:53,560 yes absolutely I think the best analogy 927 00:38:01,170 --> 00:37:58,590 is a physical inactivity with aging so 928 00:38:03,210 --> 00:38:01,180 being physically active is it's really 929 00:38:06,150 --> 00:38:03,220 important for health and now we're 930 00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:06,160 starting to realize that that physical 931 00:38:12,150 --> 00:38:08,290 activity that mechanical stimulation of 932 00:38:15,030 --> 00:38:12,160 the body helps regenerate tissues for 933 00:38:18,420 --> 00:38:15,040 instance there's a study about memory 934 00:38:21,150 --> 00:38:18,430 and elderly persons and if you are 935 00:38:23,190 --> 00:38:21,160 physically active that promotes you know 936 00:38:24,780 --> 00:38:23,200 for instance walking that increases 937 00:38:26,510 --> 00:38:24,790 blood pressure while you're walking and 938 00:38:32,790 --> 00:38:26,520 that blood pressure in the brain 939 00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:32,800 promotes the proliferation of of neural 940 00:38:38,010 --> 00:38:35,170 stem cells that are necessary to form 941 00:38:41,880 --> 00:38:38,020 new memories the same is true for 942 00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:41,890 instance for bone health you know if you 943 00:38:47,220 --> 00:38:44,450 mechanically load your bones by walking 944 00:38:50,410 --> 00:38:47,230 or running the proliferation of 945 00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:50,420 osteoblasts is promoted as well as 946 00:38:55,240 --> 00:38:52,910 chondrocytes to form both mineralized 947 00:38:58,330 --> 00:38:55,250 bone as well as cartilage and then you 948 00:39:00,880 --> 00:38:58,340 repair and rebuild bones and as a result 949 00:39:05,170 --> 00:39:00,890 of that physical activity so all these 950 00:39:07,840 --> 00:39:05,180 cells their adult stem cells they're not 951 00:39:09,850 --> 00:39:07,850 they're not in their formal functional 952 00:39:12,310 --> 00:39:09,860 form they're sitting there they're still 953 00:39:14,070 --> 00:39:12,320 capable of dividing and so their adult 954 00:39:17,080 --> 00:39:14,080 stem cells and their growth 955 00:39:18,900 --> 00:39:17,090 proliferation is stimulated by this 956 00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:18,910 mechanical stimulus and I was telling 957 00:39:24,850 --> 00:39:22,130 early about the mechanism involving how 958 00:39:26,280 --> 00:39:24,860 the cell attached to them too in bone 959 00:39:28,810 --> 00:39:26,290 for instance to the collagen matrix 960 00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:28,820 promotes kinase signaling than then 961 00:39:36,010 --> 00:39:31,850 promotes entry into the cell cycle so 962 00:39:37,990 --> 00:39:36,020 that whole process is not we're starting 963 00:39:40,210 --> 00:39:38,000 to understand it and absolutely it has a 964 00:39:43,660 --> 00:39:40,220 great deal of relevance for health on 965 00:39:45,490 --> 00:39:43,670 earth because it is a parallel to what's 966 00:39:50,320 --> 00:39:45,500 happening with physical inactivity 967 00:39:52,660 --> 00:39:50,330 specially in aging and if we are able to 968 00:39:56,020 --> 00:39:52,670 experimentally take out gravity we 969 00:39:58,630 --> 00:39:56,030 really have a unique ability to study 970 00:40:00,880 --> 00:39:58,640 the problem and to come up with novel 971 00:40:03,930 --> 00:40:00,890 therapies and novel ways of 972 00:40:07,900 --> 00:40:03,940 understanding and solving the problem 973 00:40:09,490 --> 00:40:07,910 and just add to what he said we work on 974 00:40:11,620 --> 00:40:09,500 these processes at multiple different 975 00:40:13,540 --> 00:40:11,630 levels so dr. Almeida's work is working 976 00:40:16,180 --> 00:40:13,550 at the cellular level we also have 977 00:40:18,310 --> 00:40:16,190 researchers that are looking at the 978 00:40:19,660 --> 00:40:18,320 organismal level either using rodents as 979 00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:19,670 models and then we have researchers 980 00:40:23,320 --> 00:40:21,290 using the astronauts as their subjects 981 00:40:25,300 --> 00:40:23,330 to understand the processes of bone loss 982 00:40:27,010 --> 00:40:25,310 that are going on and and so there's a 983 00:40:28,930 --> 00:40:27,020 real power to having this long term 984 00:40:30,820 --> 00:40:28,940 laboratory where you can take the 985 00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:30,830 information from each level and put it 986 00:40:34,780 --> 00:40:32,810 into the follow-on investigation six 987 00:40:37,210 --> 00:40:34,790 months later or a year later to really 988 00:40:39,070 --> 00:40:37,220 move things forward so i would add just 989 00:40:43,050 --> 00:40:39,080 one more thing to that so we actually 990 00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:43,060 did some nasa Russian space agency 991 00:40:52,360 --> 00:40:47,210 collaborative studies with the photon m2 992 00:40:54,630 --> 00:40:52,370 and Foton m3 flights and 2005 and seven 993 00:40:56,840 --> 00:40:54,640 and in that in those 994 00:41:00,030 --> 00:40:56,850 we did animal studies in which we 995 00:41:03,150 --> 00:41:00,040 surgically removed the tip of the tail 996 00:41:04,740 --> 00:41:03,160 in the newt and as you may know these 997 00:41:07,410 --> 00:41:04,750 amphibians have the ability to 998 00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:07,420 regenerate their tail and so we studied 999 00:41:13,650 --> 00:41:10,930 in the whole animal how well the tail 1000 00:41:15,810 --> 00:41:13,660 regeneration could occur in space and we 1001 00:41:18,240 --> 00:41:15,820 found that there was a deficit so that 1002 00:41:20,310 --> 00:41:18,250 was the whole animal so when I wrote the 1003 00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:20,320 grant that supported this current work 1004 00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:22,690 that data was there and so we had a 1005 00:41:27,930 --> 00:41:24,910 basis for believing that in a whole 1006 00:41:31,830 --> 00:41:27,940 organism a regenerative process that 1007 00:41:35,490 --> 00:41:31,840 depends on stem cells was failing in 1008 00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:35,500 space and so we went on to focus on the 1009 00:41:39,930 --> 00:41:37,810 cellular mechanisms and now we're going 1010 00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:39,940 through the molecular mechanism so we 1011 00:41:43,470 --> 00:41:41,410 started by looking at the whole 1012 00:41:45,390 --> 00:41:43,480 biological process in the organism and 1013 00:41:47,490 --> 00:41:45,400 stand start to narrow it down to 1014 00:41:49,170 --> 00:41:47,500 understand those molecular mechanisms 1015 00:41:50,730 --> 00:41:49,180 that will let us come up with 1016 00:41:57,690 --> 00:41:50,740 therapeutical interventions and 1017 00:42:00,240 --> 00:41:57,700 understand what the process is sep seth 1018 00:42:02,820 --> 00:42:00,250 borenstein again and from AP for dr. 1019 00:42:04,890 --> 00:42:02,830 Robinson I know this might be a little 1020 00:42:07,440 --> 00:42:04,900 unfair to ask and may be premature but 1021 00:42:10,260 --> 00:42:07,450 since microgravity missions been flying 1022 00:42:13,470 --> 00:42:10,270 for now 20-some years you know including 1023 00:42:16,230 --> 00:42:13,480 shuttle I don't know how many times I've 1024 00:42:18,030 --> 00:42:16,240 heard this you know this study and that 1025 00:42:21,480 --> 00:42:18,040 study going up there and then you never 1026 00:42:25,230 --> 00:42:21,490 really hear much about the results is 1027 00:42:27,510 --> 00:42:25,240 there sort of a figure percentage on 1028 00:42:29,970 --> 00:42:27,520 obviously I know you there's figures on 1029 00:42:33,330 --> 00:42:29,980 how many articles have been written in 1030 00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:33,340 scientific journals but in terms of how 1031 00:42:42,360 --> 00:42:36,730 often the research has paid off into a 1032 00:42:46,620 --> 00:42:42,370 actual change in in understanding and or 1033 00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:46,630 therapy here on earth of something as 1034 00:42:51,150 --> 00:42:50,110 opposed to finding an nil response you 1035 00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:51,160 know finding that there was no 1036 00:42:56,190 --> 00:42:53,110 difference here or that and how does 1037 00:42:57,840 --> 00:42:56,200 that compare to earthbound studies right 1038 00:43:00,180 --> 00:42:57,850 so let me let me address the question in 1039 00:43:02,940 --> 00:43:00,190 two ways first of all you have to look 1040 00:43:04,650 --> 00:43:02,950 at how limited really the scientific 1041 00:43:07,320 --> 00:43:04,660 opportunity has been in human space 1042 00:43:08,370 --> 00:43:07,330 flight to date in a shuttle mission you 1043 00:43:10,470 --> 00:43:08,380 might have 1044 00:43:12,839 --> 00:43:10,480 several dozen investigators they only 1045 00:43:14,519 --> 00:43:12,849 had two weeks they had one experiment it 1046 00:43:16,349 --> 00:43:14,529 was carefully choreographed if anything 1047 00:43:18,180 --> 00:43:16,359 went wrong they might not have another 1048 00:43:20,279 --> 00:43:18,190 opportunity to fly for five years if 1049 00:43:22,470 --> 00:43:20,289 anything went right they also didn't 1050 00:43:25,319 --> 00:43:22,480 have another opportunity to fly for five 1051 00:43:26,549 --> 00:43:25,329 years and so the the rate of progress in 1052 00:43:30,059 --> 00:43:26,559 the disciplines has been extraordinarily 1053 00:43:31,710 --> 00:43:30,069 slow during ISS assembly once again we 1054 00:43:33,660 --> 00:43:31,720 had to get this shuttle assembled as 1055 00:43:35,279 --> 00:43:33,670 rapidly as possible or the space station 1056 00:43:38,339 --> 00:43:35,289 assembled as rapidly as possible and 1057 00:43:41,430 --> 00:43:38,349 then in in proceeding toward that goal 1058 00:43:43,529 --> 00:43:41,440 we did research on the side to try and 1059 00:43:45,660 --> 00:43:43,539 optimize any little bit of extra crew 1060 00:43:47,370 --> 00:43:45,670 time any little bit of extra up mass we 1061 00:43:49,769 --> 00:43:47,380 we did that for pathfinding 1062 00:43:53,490 --> 00:43:49,779 investigations if you add all of that 1063 00:43:55,740 --> 00:43:53,500 research up to date the and you look at 1064 00:43:58,470 --> 00:43:55,750 edit just in terms of the crew as a 1065 00:44:00,930 --> 00:43:58,480 laboratory technician we have basically 1066 00:44:04,529 --> 00:44:00,940 accomplished about fifteen to twenty 1067 00:44:06,660 --> 00:44:04,539 percent of the research that lies ahead 1068 00:44:08,970 --> 00:44:06,670 of us on the space station in the next 1069 00:44:11,309 --> 00:44:08,980 decade so we've really hardly scratched 1070 00:44:12,450 --> 00:44:11,319 the surface and that's a really 1071 00:44:13,799 --> 00:44:12,460 important thing to understand because 1072 00:44:15,299 --> 00:44:13,809 the way that scientists do their 1073 00:44:17,220 --> 00:44:15,309 research is they do something in the 1074 00:44:19,230 --> 00:44:17,230 laboratory they see the result they turn 1075 00:44:20,670 --> 00:44:19,240 it around and they do it again and what 1076 00:44:23,009 --> 00:44:20,680 you're starting to see on the space 1077 00:44:24,960 --> 00:44:23,019 station now is that pattern of research 1078 00:44:26,940 --> 00:44:24,970 is the way that things are working for 1079 00:44:29,220 --> 00:44:26,950 investigators we don't select somebody 1080 00:44:30,930 --> 00:44:29,230 for a single flight opportunity anymore 1081 00:44:33,299 --> 00:44:30,940 we select them for a series of flight 1082 00:44:35,069 --> 00:44:33,309 Opportunities we build in so that we're 1083 00:44:36,779 --> 00:44:35,079 ready to do the next experiment that 1084 00:44:39,029 --> 00:44:36,789 derives from the information they learn 1085 00:44:40,950 --> 00:44:39,039 on their immediate experiment and that's 1086 00:44:42,720 --> 00:44:40,960 really transforming the ability to get 1087 00:44:44,190 --> 00:44:42,730 results out of the platform we could 1088 00:44:46,589 --> 00:44:44,200 only do that when space station assembly 1089 00:44:49,380 --> 00:44:46,599 was complete this year and when its 1090 00:44:51,839 --> 00:44:49,390 primary purpose was was then for for the 1091 00:44:53,249 --> 00:44:51,849 research and technology testing the 1092 00:44:55,380 --> 00:44:53,259 other thing the other way I want to 1093 00:44:57,900 --> 00:44:55,390 address that question is in terms of the 1094 00:45:00,059 --> 00:44:57,910 time it takes to get from a clinical 1095 00:45:02,069 --> 00:45:00,069 research result or from from a 1096 00:45:03,930 --> 00:45:02,079 laboratory research result to a clinical 1097 00:45:05,519 --> 00:45:03,940 research result the National Institutes 1098 00:45:07,910 --> 00:45:05,529 of Health calls this the valley of death 1099 00:45:10,650 --> 00:45:07,920 because it can take a really long time 1100 00:45:13,140 --> 00:45:10,660 for a de scientific discovery to make 1101 00:45:14,940 --> 00:45:13,150 its way across when dr. Nickerson was 1102 00:45:17,849 --> 00:45:14,950 talking about her work she mentioned 1103 00:45:20,549 --> 00:45:17,859 that the the vaccine that she's flying 1104 00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:20,559 has been used in research for a decade 1105 00:45:23,020 --> 00:45:21,410 already 1106 00:45:25,150 --> 00:45:23,030 and they're still working to improve it 1107 00:45:27,700 --> 00:45:25,160 and I may have I may have misstated so 1108 00:45:30,220 --> 00:45:27,710 she may want to correct that but we most 1109 00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:30,230 of our researchers we see working with 1110 00:45:33,640 --> 00:45:32,690 strains incrementally doing making 1111 00:45:35,530 --> 00:45:33,650 different kinds of incremental 1112 00:45:37,300 --> 00:45:35,540 improvements that shift to clinical 1113 00:45:39,250 --> 00:45:37,310 trials doesn't happen the day after you 1114 00:45:41,710 --> 00:45:39,260 return from flight and so we have a 1115 00:45:43,540 --> 00:45:41,720 number of ISS early research results 1116 00:45:46,060 --> 00:45:43,550 that are at the clinical trial stage 1117 00:45:48,520 --> 00:45:46,070 either with investigational new drugs 1118 00:45:50,560 --> 00:45:48,530 approved or with investigational dune 1119 00:45:53,260 --> 00:45:50,570 drugs at the interim testing stage 1120 00:45:54,700 --> 00:45:53,270 before they go to clinical trials so I 1121 00:45:57,220 --> 00:45:54,710 think that that gives us a sense of how 1122 00:45:58,930 --> 00:45:57,230 these early results are going to play 1123 00:46:00,550 --> 00:45:58,940 out over the long term but really our 1124 00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:00,560 future is still ahead of us we're just 1125 00:46:05,230 --> 00:46:03,410 starting this is an issue I feel very 1126 00:46:08,470 --> 00:46:05,240 strongly about and passionately about 1127 00:46:10,410 --> 00:46:08,480 and you know a lot of people look at it 1128 00:46:13,270 --> 00:46:10,420 from this perspective that you just 1129 00:46:15,730 --> 00:46:13,280 enunciated thee you know you look at the 1130 00:46:18,070 --> 00:46:15,740 aggregate of the results from space 1131 00:46:19,990 --> 00:46:18,080 research and you ask the question well 1132 00:46:22,690 --> 00:46:20,000 was it this really worth all the 1133 00:46:24,880 --> 00:46:22,700 investment and I think you have to take 1134 00:46:27,480 --> 00:46:24,890 a step back and look at it from a 1135 00:46:31,090 --> 00:46:27,490 slightly different perspective you know 1136 00:46:36,160 --> 00:46:31,100 science always stands on the shoulders 1137 00:46:39,220 --> 00:46:36,170 of giants that came before and you know 1138 00:46:41,680 --> 00:46:39,230 what you do is a stepwise building of 1139 00:46:45,010 --> 00:46:41,690 knowledge and what the space environment 1140 00:46:49,690 --> 00:46:45,020 does is to offer a totally new 1141 00:46:52,030 --> 00:46:49,700 perspective on how biological systems 1142 00:46:54,490 --> 00:46:52,040 physical systems chemical systems work 1143 00:46:57,460 --> 00:46:54,500 we cannot replicate microgravity on 1144 00:47:01,150 --> 00:46:57,470 earth and so just to be able to go 1145 00:47:03,700 --> 00:47:01,160 outside and outside of Earth's gravity 1146 00:47:06,040 --> 00:47:03,710 and do those experiments even if there 1147 00:47:09,820 --> 00:47:06,050 are a few experiments it gives us 1148 00:47:12,010 --> 00:47:09,830 results that inspire enormous amount of 1149 00:47:15,310 --> 00:47:12,020 research on the ground so one experiment 1150 00:47:18,250 --> 00:47:15,320 in space will result into a huge amount 1151 00:47:20,950 --> 00:47:18,260 of ground research and i'll give you a 1152 00:47:24,580 --> 00:47:20,960 specific example and that's the field of 1153 00:47:28,180 --> 00:47:24,590 mechanobiology so this whole field that 1154 00:47:31,990 --> 00:47:28,190 started in the 1990s of understanding 1155 00:47:34,090 --> 00:47:32,000 what is the importance of mechanical 1156 00:47:35,259 --> 00:47:34,100 stimulation in cell biology and tissue 1157 00:47:38,289 --> 00:47:35,269 biology and organism 1158 00:47:41,289 --> 00:47:38,299 biology that whole field flourished 1159 00:47:44,259 --> 00:47:41,299 because of the initial support for a 1160 00:47:47,199 --> 00:47:44,269 NASA investigator Donald ingber that 1161 00:47:51,339 --> 00:47:47,209 made some key discoveries on how those 1162 00:47:53,439 --> 00:47:51,349 mechanical forces were were being 1163 00:47:56,139 --> 00:47:53,449 transmitted by cells and so that is a 1164 00:47:58,089 --> 00:47:56,149 field now that's inspired that that has 1165 00:48:00,489 --> 00:47:58,099 thousands and thousands and thousands of 1166 00:48:02,169 --> 00:48:00,499 publications and key results you are 1167 00:48:07,029 --> 00:48:02,179 extremely important in medicine and 1168 00:48:09,609 --> 00:48:07,039 cancer that was started the ideas that 1169 00:48:11,949 --> 00:48:09,619 seeded that field came from that 1170 00:48:15,789 --> 00:48:11,959 perspective that we got in microgravity 1171 00:48:18,039 --> 00:48:15,799 so even if by the numbers the science 1172 00:48:20,649 --> 00:48:18,049 that is done in space it does not appear 1173 00:48:23,289 --> 00:48:20,659 to be very productive and that's not 1174 00:48:25,120 --> 00:48:23,299 always true it's actually you know given 1175 00:48:26,769 --> 00:48:25,130 the few few opportunities that are 1176 00:48:29,109 --> 00:48:26,779 available the results are pretty good 1177 00:48:31,749 --> 00:48:29,119 but still it has a multiplicative effect 1178 00:48:33,969 --> 00:48:31,759 it's it's a unique opportunity something 1179 00:48:36,309 --> 00:48:33,979 and seen anywhere else so that that 1180 00:48:39,489 --> 00:48:36,319 inspires more research and just for that 1181 00:48:42,639 --> 00:48:39,499 I think the value is immeasurable I 1182 00:48:45,429 --> 00:48:42,649 would also add to that something i think 1183 00:48:47,769 --> 00:48:45,439 that's often overlooked and just keep in 1184 00:48:50,319 --> 00:48:47,779 mind that any time you think outside of 1185 00:48:52,239 --> 00:48:50,329 the box any thought time you push the 1186 00:48:54,459 --> 00:48:52,249 frontiers and you challenged paradigms 1187 00:48:57,609 --> 00:48:54,469 you're met with skepticism in any field 1188 00:49:00,189 --> 00:48:57,619 but especially science I mean when when 1189 00:49:01,389 --> 00:49:00,199 computers were first invented there was 1190 00:49:02,979 --> 00:49:01,399 no thought of them having any use 1191 00:49:05,469 --> 00:49:02,989 whatsoever for the general public and 1192 00:49:07,599 --> 00:49:05,479 all of us in this room can list about a 1193 00:49:09,819 --> 00:49:07,609 hundred of it other discoveries the same 1194 00:49:11,919 --> 00:49:09,829 way as well you're often met with 1195 00:49:15,009 --> 00:49:11,929 criticism and skepticism when you're 1196 00:49:16,689 --> 00:49:15,019 challenging paradigms and as every 1197 00:49:18,879 --> 00:49:16,699 investigator at this table has just told 1198 00:49:21,039 --> 00:49:18,889 you you have a new paradigm it's 1199 00:49:23,499 --> 00:49:21,049 relatively untapped you have a new 1200 00:49:25,029 --> 00:49:23,509 platform to understand how cells are 1201 00:49:26,709 --> 00:49:25,039 behaving differently whether we're 1202 00:49:29,409 --> 00:49:26,719 studying infectious disease whether 1203 00:49:31,239 --> 00:49:29,419 we're studying stem cell and tissue 1204 00:49:33,159 --> 00:49:31,249 regeneration whether we're understanding 1205 00:49:34,629 --> 00:49:33,169 how plants develop normally whether 1206 00:49:36,489 --> 00:49:34,639 we're studying aging whether they're 1207 00:49:38,319 --> 00:49:36,499 standing muscle weighs muscle wasting 1208 00:49:39,999 --> 00:49:38,329 diseases bone loss does this sound 1209 00:49:41,819 --> 00:49:40,009 familiar to everyone because these are 1210 00:49:44,919 --> 00:49:41,829 the major problems we face here on earth 1211 00:49:46,689 --> 00:49:44,929 but we're thinking in a new way about 1212 00:49:48,489 --> 00:49:46,699 how to address these issues and in some 1213 00:49:49,180 --> 00:49:48,499 of these fields we've kind of pushed 1214 00:49:51,040 --> 00:49:49,190 convention 1215 00:49:52,720 --> 00:49:51,050 methods about as far as we can well 1216 00:49:55,210 --> 00:49:52,730 certainly an infectious disease research 1217 00:49:56,700 --> 00:49:55,220 the pathogens are winning antibiotic 1218 00:49:59,740 --> 00:49:56,710 resistance is on the increase 1219 00:50:02,470 --> 00:49:59,750 antimicrobial therapies are not on the 1220 00:50:05,829 --> 00:50:02,480 increase okay they're smarter than we 1221 00:50:08,920 --> 00:50:05,839 are so we need to use new ways new 1222 00:50:12,010 --> 00:50:08,930 platforms new methods to get them to 1223 00:50:14,290 --> 00:50:12,020 unveil their secrets so we can better 1224 00:50:16,569 --> 00:50:14,300 understand how they're functioning and 1225 00:50:19,450 --> 00:50:16,579 this is it shouldn't really surprise 1226 00:50:21,760 --> 00:50:19,460 anybody we do this all the time we put 1227 00:50:23,079 --> 00:50:21,770 cells in extreme heat conditions oh look 1228 00:50:24,339 --> 00:50:23,089 at that response I didn't know I could 1229 00:50:26,460 --> 00:50:24,349 do that well now I've just advanced 1230 00:50:29,650 --> 00:50:26,470 forensics medicine and I've advanced 1231 00:50:31,690 --> 00:50:29,660 cloning and DNA sequencing well well 1232 00:50:34,210 --> 00:50:31,700 let's put them in this very low pH what 1233 00:50:36,220 --> 00:50:34,220 can they do my gosh stress doesn't cause 1234 00:50:38,559 --> 00:50:36,230 ulcers a bacteria that can survive in a 1235 00:50:41,559 --> 00:50:38,569 pH below one causes ulcers and stomach 1236 00:50:42,970 --> 00:50:41,569 cancers you see the pattern here so it 1237 00:50:45,970 --> 00:50:42,980 always kind of surprises me as a 1238 00:50:47,950 --> 00:50:45,980 scientist is in terms of why some people 1239 00:50:50,140 --> 00:50:47,960 seem to just want to shut the doors oh 1240 00:50:52,420 --> 00:50:50,150 no value you just dismiss something as 1241 00:50:54,250 --> 00:50:52,430 having no value without really looking 1242 00:50:57,099 --> 00:50:54,260 at what's been done there and true as 1243 00:50:59,109 --> 00:50:57,109 dr. Robinson said we have begun to touch 1244 00:51:00,940 --> 00:50:59,119 the tip of using this platform we 1245 00:51:04,180 --> 00:51:00,950 haven't had a lot of time to do science 1246 00:51:06,370 --> 00:51:04,190 up there but that's why I think you're 1247 00:51:08,200 --> 00:51:06,380 seeing a mounting interest i know i have 1248 00:51:11,020 --> 00:51:08,210 been seeing it from the commercial side 1249 00:51:13,839 --> 00:51:11,030 from the academia side okay and from the 1250 00:51:16,390 --> 00:51:13,849 government side about what what kind of 1251 00:51:18,190 --> 00:51:16,400 new secrets can this platform really 1252 00:51:20,859 --> 00:51:18,200 unveil to us what kind of potential and 1253 00:51:22,780 --> 00:51:20,869 it is significant to really start to 1254 00:51:25,660 --> 00:51:22,790 translationally advance those results 1255 00:51:27,730 --> 00:51:25,670 from the bench okay in the lab and now 1256 00:51:29,309 --> 00:51:27,740 on the bench on the ISS and bring it 1257 00:51:31,150 --> 00:51:29,319 back down here on earth to 1258 00:51:32,710 --> 00:51:31,160 translationally advance our quality of 1259 00:51:35,770 --> 00:51:32,720 life and human health nasa has been 1260 00:51:37,569 --> 00:51:35,780 doing this since day one okay now is the 1261 00:51:38,950 --> 00:51:37,579 opportunity now is the time to move you 1262 00:51:40,839 --> 00:51:38,960 have the lab built you have the 1263 00:51:45,170 --> 00:51:40,849 structure up there we got a rock and 1264 00:51:48,890 --> 00:51:47,030 thank you more than anything I'm just 1265 00:51:52,190 --> 00:51:48,900 looking for data points which I assume a 1266 00:51:54,020 --> 00:51:52,200 scientist you appreciate when you I've 1267 00:51:56,329 --> 00:51:54,030 been here forever yeah four years 1268 00:51:59,240 --> 00:51:56,339 hearing how this will do you know this 1269 00:52:04,250 --> 00:51:59,250 is doing this and I just looking for 1270 00:52:06,680 --> 00:52:04,260 some data to support this if you go to 1271 00:52:08,180 --> 00:52:06,690 nasa gov under ISS research you can 1272 00:52:09,589 --> 00:52:08,190 click on benefits that will give you 1273 00:52:11,480 --> 00:52:09,599 some of the top stories you can also 1274 00:52:13,579 --> 00:52:11,490 click on publications and get a complete 1275 00:52:16,579 --> 00:52:13,589 list of the publications that we know of 1276 00:52:20,630 --> 00:52:16,589 from ISS research to date roughly 400 or 1277 00:52:22,130 --> 00:52:20,640 so publications well I mean that that's 1278 00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:22,140 the facts about the scientific 1279 00:52:26,150 --> 00:52:24,210 publications I would say the bulk of the 1280 00:52:28,099 --> 00:52:26,160 work on ISS because it takes three to 1281 00:52:29,720 --> 00:52:28,109 five years for many publications to come 1282 00:52:31,370 --> 00:52:29,730 out from space flight the bulk of the 1283 00:52:34,130 --> 00:52:31,380 publications are far ahead of us even 1284 00:52:36,290 --> 00:52:34,140 from the assembly work but you can read 1285 00:52:38,660 --> 00:52:36,300 about the patents you can read about the 1286 00:52:40,309 --> 00:52:38,670 new products that have been developed 1287 00:52:43,190 --> 00:52:40,319 and are in the commercial marketplace 1288 00:52:44,690 --> 00:52:43,200 based on ISS research so and we can give 1289 00:52:50,359 --> 00:52:44,700 you more information on that afterward 1290 00:52:53,000 --> 00:52:50,369 as well in the back here gene michalka 1291 00:52:55,849 --> 00:52:53,010 with talking space for dr. Alameda your 1292 00:52:59,720 --> 00:52:55,859 research deals in cell regeneration and 1293 00:53:01,220 --> 00:52:59,730 so on right now to get rid of a really 1294 00:53:02,960 --> 00:53:01,230 troublesome wound do you have people 1295 00:53:04,910 --> 00:53:02,970 spending hours and hours and hours and 1296 00:53:07,579 --> 00:53:04,920 hyperbaric chambers to try to heal this 1297 00:53:09,920 --> 00:53:07,589 which what you're doing sort of possibly 1298 00:53:12,049 --> 00:53:09,930 negate that possibility of an individual 1299 00:53:14,900 --> 00:53:12,059 as a particularly troublesome wound that 1300 00:53:18,430 --> 00:53:14,910 just can't heal of spending like hours 1301 00:53:21,170 --> 00:53:18,440 in a hyperbaric chamber say yeah well 1302 00:53:22,819 --> 00:53:21,180 the question of wound healing is is 1303 00:53:27,440 --> 00:53:22,829 particularly important from a medical 1304 00:53:32,930 --> 00:53:27,450 point of view and the reason is that i 1305 00:53:36,890 --> 00:53:32,940 talked about newts earlier humans like 1306 00:53:41,539 --> 00:53:36,900 newt have the regenerative ability so if 1307 00:53:45,140 --> 00:53:41,549 you we lose it around birth so if for 1308 00:53:47,960 --> 00:53:45,150 instance if a birth defect is discovered 1309 00:53:51,559 --> 00:53:47,970 in utero surgeons nowadays can go in and 1310 00:53:54,980 --> 00:53:51,569 perform an in utero surgery and wound 1311 00:53:57,530 --> 00:53:54,990 healing occurs perfectly regenerative 1312 00:53:58,550 --> 00:53:57,540 Lee you know like as in a newt when you 1313 00:54:00,620 --> 00:53:58,560 cut a tail 1314 00:54:02,960 --> 00:54:00,630 or leg it grows back and it's fully 1315 00:54:06,410 --> 00:54:02,970 functional the patterning of development 1316 00:54:08,060 --> 00:54:06,420 occurs normally so the newts are amazing 1317 00:54:10,580 --> 00:54:08,070 you can cut the spinal cord and they'll 1318 00:54:12,410 --> 00:54:10,590 grow it back and they'll walk again you 1319 00:54:13,970 --> 00:54:12,420 can take out a third of the heart some 1320 00:54:17,030 --> 00:54:13,980 of these experiments are quite barbaric 1321 00:54:18,980 --> 00:54:17,040 but they were done over the years and 1322 00:54:21,860 --> 00:54:18,990 the interest of science and these 1323 00:54:24,710 --> 00:54:21,870 animals have a full regenerative ability 1324 00:54:27,170 --> 00:54:24,720 if the animal survives it will grow it 1325 00:54:29,450 --> 00:54:27,180 back it can even cut the lens the retina 1326 00:54:31,400 --> 00:54:29,460 all it all grows back humans are like 1327 00:54:35,000 --> 00:54:31,410 that too we have exactly the same jeans 1328 00:54:38,390 --> 00:54:35,010 and a human being in utero can do the 1329 00:54:40,040 --> 00:54:38,400 same tricks biologically and so part of 1330 00:54:42,860 --> 00:54:40,050 the results of this research that is 1331 00:54:44,330 --> 00:54:42,870 ongoing is understanding this field in 1332 00:54:47,480 --> 00:54:44,340 the field of regenerative medicine is 1333 00:54:50,120 --> 00:54:47,490 just exploding and some of the work and 1334 00:54:51,890 --> 00:54:50,130 regeneration is being done in space the 1335 00:54:53,930 --> 00:54:51,900 Russians in particular have done a long 1336 00:54:56,390 --> 00:54:53,940 string of experiments with regeneration 1337 00:54:59,870 --> 00:54:56,400 in space and how microgravity might 1338 00:55:03,590 --> 00:54:59,880 affect that so absolutely so if we learn 1339 00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:03,600 that the now the key difference why 1340 00:55:07,610 --> 00:55:05,610 don't why do we lose that ability I 1341 00:55:11,270 --> 00:55:07,620 think evolutionarily human beings 1342 00:55:16,070 --> 00:55:11,280 switched from regenerating to making a 1343 00:55:18,350 --> 00:55:16,080 quick fix a clot and then a provisional 1344 00:55:21,080 --> 00:55:18,360 repair and so that doesn't repattern 1345 00:55:26,390 --> 00:55:21,090 development so we need to learn how to 1346 00:55:28,370 --> 00:55:26,400 turn off the genes that make that quick 1347 00:55:34,030 --> 00:55:28,380 repair that allows us to survive even 1348 00:55:38,930 --> 00:55:34,040 though our wound is there and we need to 1349 00:55:41,330 --> 00:55:38,940 learn to regenerate the the tissue that 1350 00:55:45,260 --> 00:55:41,340 was damaged and so what microgravity is 1351 00:55:47,090 --> 00:55:45,270 doing is keeping those stem cells from 1352 00:55:50,060 --> 00:55:47,100 differentiating so that might be a way 1353 00:55:52,750 --> 00:55:50,070 of letting those cells grow enough so 1354 00:55:56,480 --> 00:55:52,760 that the the tissue can be regenerated 1355 00:55:58,850 --> 00:55:56,490 instead of having a wound healing 1356 00:56:00,920 --> 00:55:58,860 response so there's a lot of insight 1357 00:56:02,630 --> 00:56:00,930 that can be gained from doing the 1358 00:56:04,940 --> 00:56:02,640 experiments in microgravity that can 1359 00:56:07,640 --> 00:56:04,950 probably be used in the field of 1360 00:56:10,340 --> 00:56:07,650 regeneration and wound healing but you 1361 00:56:11,520 --> 00:56:10,350 know science is quite serendipitous you 1362 00:56:14,730 --> 00:56:11,530 know sometimes 1363 00:56:16,910 --> 00:56:14,740 very often we don't find the things that 1364 00:56:20,820 --> 00:56:16,920 we set out to find in our grants and 1365 00:56:22,680 --> 00:56:20,830 it's somebody else that wanted to 1366 00:56:25,650 --> 00:56:22,690 discover something totally unrelated 1367 00:56:27,780 --> 00:56:25,660 that comes up with the breakthrough so 1368 00:56:32,040 --> 00:56:27,790 you know that that you know the 1369 00:56:34,320 --> 00:56:32,050 accounting mentality of seeing asking 1370 00:56:36,420 --> 00:56:34,330 the question you know what did you get 1371 00:56:38,730 --> 00:56:36,430 for you know did you reach your goal 1372 00:56:40,650 --> 00:56:38,740 science doesn't quite work like that you 1373 00:56:43,410 --> 00:56:40,660 know you have an aggregate of scientists 1374 00:56:46,230 --> 00:56:43,420 doing research and you know it's very 1375 00:56:49,290 --> 00:56:46,240 rare for the people that seek to fix a 1376 00:56:50,760 --> 00:56:49,300 particular disease to actually fix that 1377 00:56:53,280 --> 00:56:50,770 disease somebody else will do it by 1378 00:56:55,740 --> 00:56:53,290 accident even the pharma companies 1379 00:56:58,320 --> 00:56:55,750 nowadays they are cutting down their 1380 00:57:00,600 --> 00:56:58,330 research departments and instead because 1381 00:57:02,460 --> 00:57:00,610 they've figured out that trying to fix 1382 00:57:04,050 --> 00:57:02,470 some disease in their own research 1383 00:57:06,270 --> 00:57:04,060 department is just doesn't work it's not 1384 00:57:08,850 --> 00:57:06,280 productive they will go and they'll buy 1385 00:57:11,700 --> 00:57:08,860 out a specific company startup company 1386 00:57:14,490 --> 00:57:11,710 that that has bumped into the answer for 1387 00:57:16,020 --> 00:57:14,500 that for their problem and so in general 1388 00:57:19,260 --> 00:57:16,030 that's all science goes you know you 1389 00:57:22,170 --> 00:57:19,270 cannot expect you know a neat follow up 1390 00:57:24,720 --> 00:57:22,180 from grant to result you support 1391 00:57:26,700 --> 00:57:24,730 research in general and you know it in 1392 00:57:28,590 --> 00:57:26,710 general there's a good outcome but it's 1393 00:57:32,040 --> 00:57:28,600 not entirely predictable and it's not 1394 00:57:34,020 --> 00:57:32,050 entirely entirely accountable for you 1395 00:57:37,110 --> 00:57:34,030 using you know normal rules of 1396 00:57:39,260 --> 00:57:37,120 accounting okay we'll wrap it up by 1397 00:57:42,090 --> 00:57:39,270 taking one last question from Katherine 1398 00:57:45,180 --> 00:57:42,100 Qualtrough with Kiwi Space Foundation 1399 00:57:47,130 --> 00:57:45,190 and this for dr. Robinson as a physicist 1400 00:57:49,050 --> 00:57:47,140 so I'm kind of interested in the end the 1401 00:57:50,910 --> 00:57:49,060 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is there any 1402 00:57:53,160 --> 00:57:50,920 indication on when we can expect and it 1403 00:57:56,850 --> 00:57:53,170 is a deluge of data obviously when we 1404 00:57:59,730 --> 00:57:56,860 can expect a major publication of of the 1405 00:58:01,770 --> 00:57:59,740 data certainly is a dulwich of data and 1406 00:58:02,880 --> 00:58:01,780 there is also a deluge of investigators 1407 00:58:05,670 --> 00:58:02,890 involved in the Alpha Magnetic 1408 00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:05,680 Spectrometer roughly 500 investigators 1409 00:58:09,300 --> 00:58:07,210 from around the world so it will take 1410 00:58:11,880 --> 00:58:09,310 them some time to analyze their data and 1411 00:58:13,680 --> 00:58:11,890 I'm suspecting that that they're going 1412 00:58:14,490 --> 00:58:13,690 to be capturing you know one of the 1413 00:58:16,790 --> 00:58:14,500 things that they're doing in that 1414 00:58:19,100 --> 00:58:16,800 experiment is really looking for 1415 00:58:21,660 --> 00:58:19,110 specific signs of antimatter 1416 00:58:24,150 --> 00:58:21,670 matter-antimatter flux and also looking 1417 00:58:25,290 --> 00:58:24,160 for certain signs of specific kinds of 1418 00:58:27,330 --> 00:58:25,300 particles called neutrally no 1419 00:58:29,910 --> 00:58:27,340 that helped validate theories of 1420 00:58:31,530 --> 00:58:29,920 subatomic particles I'm suspecting that 1421 00:58:32,910 --> 00:58:31,540 when they start getting that data 1422 00:58:34,830 --> 00:58:32,920 they're going to take a little bit of 1423 00:58:36,480 --> 00:58:34,840 time to be absolutely sure they've got 1424 00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:36,490 it right and the first thing you'll hear 1425 00:58:40,140 --> 00:58:37,810 about that is when it's published in a 1426 00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:40,150 major scientific journal given the the 1427 00:58:44,760 --> 00:58:42,610 caliber of the scientists and Nobel 1428 00:58:46,440 --> 00:58:44,770 laureates samting and then the other 500 1429 00:58:49,650 --> 00:58:46,450 team members i'm expecting that's how 1430 00:58:51,090 --> 00:58:49,660 it's going to roll out all right that's 1431 00:58:52,860 --> 00:58:51,100 all the time we have for questions will 1432 00:58:56,280 --> 00:58:52,870 close with some closing comments from 1433 00:58:58,050 --> 00:58:56,290 dr. Robinson so today you heard a lot 1434 00:59:00,360 --> 00:58:58,060 about some biotechnology applications 1435 00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:00,370 that are really relevant for life here 1436 00:59:03,390 --> 00:59:01,810 on earth as well and especially for 1437 00:59:04,890 --> 00:59:03,400 improving human health on earth I just 1438 00:59:07,290 --> 00:59:04,900 want to emphasize that you're seeing 1439 00:59:09,060 --> 00:59:07,300 three of a hundred US investigators that 1440 00:59:10,860 --> 00:59:09,070 we could have brought to you today the 1441 00:59:12,540 --> 00:59:10,870 amount of throughput going through the 1442 00:59:13,860 --> 00:59:12,550 laboratory on the space station now that 1443 00:59:16,500 --> 00:59:13,870 we're in our full research and 1444 00:59:18,510 --> 00:59:16,510 technology development phase is amazing 1445 00:59:20,550 --> 00:59:18,520 and we're just beginning the first of at 1446 00:59:22,140 --> 00:59:20,560 least ten years of this kind of research 1447 00:59:24,240 --> 00:59:22,150 so I want to share with you that 1448 00:59:26,880 --> 00:59:24,250 enthusiasm that we have on the road 1449 00:59:28,830 --> 00:59:26,890 forward ahead of us and in a very 1450 00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:28,840 different type of flavor we do have 1451 00:59:32,610 --> 00:59:30,610 technology tests going on on the 1452 00:59:35,670 --> 00:59:32,620 International Space Station tests of 1453 00:59:37,980 --> 00:59:35,680 human physiology tests of physics 1454 00:59:40,710 --> 00:59:37,990 fundamental physical processes fluid 1455 00:59:42,870 --> 00:59:40,720 physics we have instruments to observe 1456 00:59:44,550 --> 00:59:42,880 the earth going up we have instruments 1457 00:59:46,350 --> 00:59:44,560 to observe the cosmos such as the Alpha 1458 00:59:47,910 --> 00:59:46,360 Magnetic Spectrometer it's an 1459 00:59:49,650 --> 00:59:47,920 extraordinary diversity there's never 1460 00:59:52,920 --> 00:59:49,660 been a laboratory with this kind of 1461 00:59:55,080 --> 00:59:52,930 diversity of scientific use so go to 1462 00:59:56,700 --> 00:59:55,090 nasa gov you can read information about 1463 00:59:58,350 --> 00:59:56,710 all of the experiments going on right 1464 01:00:01,590 --> 00:59:58,360 now and everything that's happened in 1465 01:00:03,870 --> 01:00:01,600 the past and on NASA TV at two thirty 1466 01:00:05,730 --> 01:00:03,880 eastern time today and also for those of 1467 01:00:07,560 --> 01:00:05,740 you in the room here locally at KSC 1468 01:00:09,360 --> 01:00:07,570 you'll have the opportunity to have a 1469 01:00:11,310 --> 01:00:09,370 demonstration of the robotic refueling 1470 01:00:13,230 --> 01:00:11,320 mission hardware and see how that 1471 01:00:17,580 --> 01:00:13,240 hardware will be testing our ability to 1472 01:00:20,220 --> 01:00:17,590 refuel future spacecraft in space all 1473 01:00:21,510 --> 01:00:20,230 right thank you very much we also want 1474 01:00:23,490 --> 01:00:21,520 to invite you to check out the NASA 1475 01:00:25,950 --> 01:00:23,500 website to keep up on the status of the 1476 01:00:30,960 --> 01:00:25,960 countdown for shuttle mission sts-135